Hydroxy alkyl substituted 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one derivatives useful for the treatment of orl-1 receptor mediated disorders

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to novel hydroxy alkyl substituted 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one derivatives of the general formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein all variables are as defined herein, useful in the treatment of disorders and conditions mediated by the ORL-1 G-protein coupled receptor. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment of disorders and conditions such as anxiety, depression, panic, dementia, mania, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, acute pain, chronic pain, migraine, asthma, cough, psychosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hypertension, obesity, eating disorders, cravings, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn&#39;s disease, urinary incontinence, adrenal disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer&#39;s disease, for improved cognition or memory and for mood stabilization.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/409,134, filed on Sep. 9, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to novel hydroxy alkyl substituted 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one derivatives useful in the treatment of disorders and conditions mediated by the ORL-1 G-protein coupled receptor. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment of disorders and conditions such as anxiety, depression, panic, mania, dementia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, acute pain, chronic pain, migraine, asthma, cough, psychosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hypertension, obesity, eating disorders, cravings, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, urinary incontinence, adrenal disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, for improved cognition or memory and for mood stabilization.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The ORL-1 (orphan opioid receptor) G-protein coupled receptor, also known as the nociceptin receptor, was first reported in 1994, and was discovered based on its homology with the classic delta- (OP-1), mu-(OP-3), and kappa-(OP-2) opioid receptors. The ORL-1 G-protein coupled receptor does not bind opioid ligands with high affinity. The amino acid sequence of ORL-1 is 47% identical to the opioid receptors overall, and 64% identical in the transmembrane domains. (Nature, 1995, 377, 532.)

The endogenous ligand of ORL-1, known as nociceptin, a highly basic 17 amino acid peptide, was isolated from tissue extracts in 1995. It was named both nociceptin, because it increased sensitivity to pain when injected into mouse brain, and orphanin FO(OFQ) because of the terminal phenylalanine (F) and glutamine (Q) residues that flank the peptide on the N- and C-termini respectively. (WO97/07212)

Nociceptin binding to ORL-1 receptors causes inhibition of cAMP synthesis, inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels, and activation of potassium conductance. In vivo, nociceptin produces a variety of pharmacological effects that at times oppose those of the opioids, including hyperalgesia and inhibition of morphine-induced analgesia. Mutant mice lacking nociceptin receptors show better performance in learning and memory tasks. These mutant mice also have normal responses to painful stimuli.

The ORL-1 receptor is widely distributed/expressed throughout the human body, including in the brain and spinal cord. In the spinal cord, the ORL-1 receptor exists in both the dorsal and ventral horns, and precursor mRNA has been found in the superficial lamina of the dorsal horn, where primary afferent fibers of nociceptors terminate. Therefore, the ORL-1 has an important role in nociception transmission in the spinal cord. This was confirmed in recent studies wherein nociceptin, when given to mice by i.c.v. injection, induced hyperalgesia and decreased locomotor activity. (Brit. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 129,1261.)

Ito, et al., in EP 0997464 disclose 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one compounds as ORL-1 receptor agonists, useful as analgesics or the like in mammalian subjects.

Hohlweg et al., in PCT publication WO 01/36418 disclose triazaspirodecanones with high affinity for opioid receptor subtypes useful in the treatment of migraine, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, sepsis, inflammation, incontinence and/or vasomotor disturbances.

Tulshian et al. in PCT publication WO00/06545 disclose high affinity ligands for the nociceptin receptor ORL-1 and the use of said compounds as nociceptin receptor inhibitors useful in the treatment of pain, anxiety, cough, asthma, depression and alcohol abuse.

Higgins, et. al., in European Forum of Neuroscience 2000, Brighton, U.K., Jun. 24-28, 2000, Poster 077.22 disclosed, 8-[(1R,3aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl]-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one useful as cognition enhancers.

We now describe novel small molecule modulators of the ORL-1 receptor, useful for the treatment of disorders and conditions mediated by the ORL-1 receptor, such as anxiety, depression, panic, dementia, mania, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, acute pain, chronic pain, migraine, asthma, cough, psychosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hypertension, obesity, eating disorders, cravings, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, urinary incontinence, adrenal disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, for improved cognition or memory and for mood stabilization.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compounds of the general formula (I)

wherein

R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

each R^(A) and R^(B) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl;

each R^(C) and R^(D) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl substituent is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂;

each R^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl;

X is selected from the group consisting of —NR¹R², —C(O)—NR¹R², —NR¹—C(O)—R², —OR¹, —SR¹, —SOR¹, —SO₂R¹, —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R², —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹—C(O)O—C(CH₃)₃, —SO—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² and —SO₂—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R²; wherein the alkyl portion of the —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R², —SO—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² or —SO₂—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from carboxy, hydroxy, hydroxyC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl or —CONR¹R²;

each R¹ and R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₈alkoxy, C₁₋₈alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkoxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl and —C(O)O-aryl, —C(O)O-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)O-(partially unsaturated carbocyclyl), C(O)-heteroaryl, —C(O)O-heterocycloalkyl; wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl, cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E)) C(O)C(CH₃)₃, —C₁₋₄alkyl-N(R^(E))—C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl and —N(R^(E))—C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted heteroarylaminosulfonyl or C₁₋₆alkylthio;

alternatively when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-carbonyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl-N(R^(E))— or arylamino-C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl substituent is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, phenyl or substituted phenyl; wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one or more independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂;

n is an integer from 0 to 2;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl;

m is an integer from 0 to 1;

L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl;

p is an integer from 0 to 5;

R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²;

q is an integer from 0 to 1;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷;

L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—, —C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—;

R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Illustrative of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the compounds described above. An illustration of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Illustrating the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Exemplifying the invention are methods of treating disorders and conditions mediated by the ORL-1 receptor in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above.

An example of the invention is a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of anxiety, depression, panic, mania, dementia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, acute pain, chronic pain migraine, asthma, cough, psychosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hypertension, obesity, eating disorders, cravings, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, urinary incontinence, adrenal disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, for improved cognition or memory and for mood stabilization, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above.

Another example of the invention is the use of any of the compounds described herein in the preparation of a medicament for treating: (a) anxiety, (b) depression, (c) panic, (d) mania, (e) dementia, (f) bipolar disorder, (g) substance abuse (h) neuropathic pain, (i) acute pain, (j) chronic pain, (k) migraine, (l) asthma, (m) cough, (n) psychosis, (o) schizophrenia, (p) epilepsy, (q) hypertension, (r) obesity, (s) eating disorders, (t) cravings, (u) diabetes), (v) cardiac arrhythmia, (w) irritable bowel syndrome, (x) Crohn's disease, (uy) urinary incontinence, (z) adrenal disorders, (aa) attention deficit disorder (ADD), (bb) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (cc) Alzheimer's disease, for (dd) improved cognition, (ee) improved memory and (ff) mood stabilization, in a subject in need thereof.

The present invention is further directed to a compound of formula (E)

wherein

R³ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂;

wherein each R^(E) is independently selected from hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl;

n is an integer from 0 to 2;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl;

Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, t-butoxycarbonyl and

m is an integer from 0 to 1;

L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl;

p is an integer from 0 to 5;

R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²;

q is an integer from 0 to 1;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷;

L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—, —C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—;

R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides hydroxy alkyl substituted 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one derivatives useful for the treatment of disorders and conditions mediated by the ORL-1 receptor. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are of the general formula (I)

wherein R⁰, R³ n, R⁴, m, L¹,

p, R⁵, q and R⁶ are as herein defined, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of formula (I) are useful in the treatment of disorders mediated by the ORL-1 receptor. The compound of formula (I) are further useful for the treatment of disorders associated with the adrenal gland.

More particularly, the compound of formula (I) are useful in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, mania, dementia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, acute pain, chronic pain migraine, asthma, cough, psychosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hypertension, obesity, eating disorders, cravings, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, urinary incontinence, adrenal disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, for improved cognition or memory and for mood stabilization. Preferably, the compounds of formula (I) are useful in the treatment of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, acute pain, chronic pain, migraine, cough, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease.

In an embodiment of the present invention are compounds of formula (I) wherein R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

each R^(A) and R^(B) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl;

each R^(C) and R^(D) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl substituent is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂;

each R^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl;

X is selected from the group consisting of —NR¹R², —C(O)—NR¹R², —NR¹—C(O)—R², —OR¹, —SR¹, —SOR¹, —SO₂R¹, —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R², —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹—C(O)O—C(CH₃)₃, —SO—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² and —SO₂—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R²; wherein the alkyl portion of the —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R², —SO—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² or —SO₂—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from carboxy, hydroxy, hydroxyC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl or —CONR¹R²;

each R¹ and R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₈alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkoxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-heteroaryl and —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl; wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl, cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E))—C(O)C(CH₃)₃, aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted heteroarylaminosulfonyl or C₁₋₆alkylthio;

alternatively when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, di(C₁₋₆)alkylamino-carbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl or arylamino-C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl substituent is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂ or substituted phenyl; wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one or more independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂;

n is an integer from 0 to 2;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl;

m is an integer from 0 to 1;

L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl;

p is an integer from 0 to 5;

R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²;

q is an integer from 0 to 1;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷;

L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—, —C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—;

R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In an embodiment of the present invention are compounds of the formula (E)

wherein R³, n, R⁴, and Y are as herein defined, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of formula (E) are useful as intermediates in the preparation of compounds of formula (I).

In an embodiment of the present invention are compounds of formula (E) wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂; wherein each R^(E) is independently selected from hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl;

n is an integer from 0 to 2;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl;

Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, t-butoxycarbonyl and

m is an integer from 0 to 1;

L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl;

p is an integer from 0 to 5;

R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²;

q is an integer from 0 to 1;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷;

L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—, —C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—;

R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(RF)₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In an embodiment of the present invention are compounds of the formula (Ia)

wherein X, R³, n, R⁴, m, L¹,

p, R⁵, q and R⁶ are as herein defined, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of formula (I) are useful in the treatment of disorders mediated by the ORL-1 receptor.

In an embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) wherein the binding of the compound to the ORL-1 receptor is 10 fold greater than the binding of the compound to the μ opioid (OP-3) receptor. In another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) wherein the binding of the compound to the ORL-1 receptor is 100 fold greater, preferably 500 fold greater, more preferably 1000 fold greater, than the binding of the compound to the μ opioid (OP-3) receptor.

In an embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) wherein the compound's measured IC₅₀ to the ORL-1 receptor is less than or equal to about 100 nM, preferably less than or equal to about 50 nM. In another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) wherein the compound's measured Ki to the ORL-1 receptor is less than or equal to about 100 nM, preferably less than or equal to about 50 nM.

In an embodiment of the present invention R⁰ is

In another embodiment of the present invention, R⁰ is

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, R⁰ is

Preferably, R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

More preferably, Ro is

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, R⁰ is

Preferably, R⁰ is

In an embodiment of the present invention, the hydroxy group on the

group is present in the R stereo-configuration. In another embodiment of the present invention, the hydroxy group on the

group is present in the S stereo-configuration.

In an embodiment of the present invention R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, methyl and ethyl, preferably R^(A) and R^(B) are each hydrogen. In another embodiment of the present invention R^(C) and R^(D) are each independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl, preferably R^(C) and R^(D) are each hydrogen. In yet another embodiment of the present invention R^(E) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl, preferably R^(E) is hydrogen.

In an embodiment of the present invention X is selected from the group consisting of —NR¹R², —C(O)—NR¹R², —NR¹—C(O)—R², —OR¹, —SR¹, —SO—R¹, —SO₂—R¹, —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R², —SO—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R², —SO₂—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² wherein the alkyl portion of the —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R², —S—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹—C(O)O—C(CH₃)₃, —SO—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² or —SO₂—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl or carboxy. Preferably, X is selected from the group consisting of —NR¹R², —OR¹, —SR¹, —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹—C(O)O—C(CH₃)₃, —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² wherein the alkyl portion of the —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹R² or —S—(C₂₋₄alkyl)-NR¹—C(O)O—C(CH₃)₃ group is optionally substituted with a carboxy or C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl group. More preferably, X is selected from the group consisting of —NR¹R², —OR¹, —SR¹, —S—CH₂CH(CO₂H)—NH—C(O)—CH₃ and —S—CH₂CH(CO₂H)—NH—C(O)O—C(CH₃)₃. More preferably still, X is selected from the group consisting of —NR¹R², —SR¹ and —S—CH₂CH(CO₂H)—NH—C(O)—CH₃.

In an embodiment of the present invention R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl and —C(O)-heteroaryl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E))—C(O)OC(CH₃)₃, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl-aminosulfonyl or C₁₋₄alkylthio. Preferably, In an embodiment of the present invention R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl and —C(O)-heteroaryl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E))—C(O)OC(CH₃)₃, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl-aminosulfonyl or C₁₋₄alkylthio.

In another embodiment of the present invention, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl and C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyl or aryl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl or N(R^(E))—C(O)OC(CH₃)₃. Preferably, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyl and C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyl or aryl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl or N(R^(E))—C(O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In another embodiment of the present invention, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, amino-n-propyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, 4-methyl-benzyl,

2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-methylphenyl, 2-amino-2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl, ethoxy-carbonyl-methyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, and

Preferably, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl, 4-methyl-benzyl,

2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-methylphenyl, 2-amino-2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl and

In another embodiment of the present invention, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl, phenylethyl,

3-methyl-phenyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl, ethoxy-carbonyl-methyl, dimethylamino-ethyl and 2-amino-2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl. Preferably, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl,

3-methyl-phenyl and 2-amino-2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl, dimethylamino-ethyl, ethoxy-carbonyl-methyl,

Preferably, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl,

In another embodiment of the present invention R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, t-butoxycarbonyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-n-ethyl and amino-n-propyl. In yet another embodiment of the present invention R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, t-butoxycarbonyl and amino-n-propyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyloxy, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, partically unsaturated carbocyclyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl and —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, (CH₃)₃COC(O)—N(R^(E))—C₁₋₄-alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl substituted heteroaryl-aminosulfonyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₄alkylthio. Preferably, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyloxy, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-heteroaryl and —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl substituted heteroaryl-aminosulfonyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₄alkylthio.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyloxy, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —C(OO)-cycloalkyl and —C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, (CH₃)₃CO—C(O)—N(R^(E))—C₁₋₄alkyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl-aminosulfonyl or C₁₋₄alkylthio. Preferably, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyloxy, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl and —C(O)-heteroaryl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl-aminosulfonyl or C₁₋₄alkylthio.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, carboxy-methyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, 2,2,2,-triluoroethyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, t-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-propyl, 3-hydroxy-n-propyl, 3-methoxy-n-propyl, methylamino-n-propyl, dimethylamino-n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, t-butoxycarbonylamino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, 3-(2-pyridyl)-n-propyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-((1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl)-aminosulfonyl)-phenyl, 4-cyclohexylphenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)phenyl, 4-(t-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-phenyl, —CH(CH₃)-phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl), 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonylbenzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 4-carboxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzyl, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl, 1-adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, (2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-fur-2-yl)methyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl-methyl, 3-pyridyl-methyl, 4-pyridyl-methyl, 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-bromopyridyl), 2-(4,6-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-methyl-pyridyl), 3-(6-methoxy-pyridyl), 6-methylthio-2-pyridyl-carbonyl, thienyl-methyl, 2-thienylethyl, 4-pyridinyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)methyl, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethyl, 1-phenyl-2-(t-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl, —C(O)—C(OCH₃)(CF₃)-phenyl, —C(O)O-(2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyl), 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl), 2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl, 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl), 2-furyl-methyl,

2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cycloheptyl-methyl, 2-phenoxy-ethyl, 2-(2-pyridyl)-ethyl, 2-(6-fluoro-2-indolyl)ethyl and 2-phenyl-cyclopropyl. Preferably, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, carboxy-methyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, 2,2,2,-triluoroethyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, 3-(2-pyridyl)-n-propyl, phenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-((1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl)-aminosulfonyl)-phenyl, 4-cyclohexylphenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl), 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonylbenzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 4-carboxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzyl, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl, 1-adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, (2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-fur-2-yl)methyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl-methyl, 3-pyridyl-methyl, 4-pyridyl-methyl, 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-bromopyridyl), 2-(4,6-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-methyl-pyridyl), 3-(6-methoxy-pyridyl), 6-methylthio-2-pyridyl-carbonyl, 2-thienylethyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)methyl, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethyl, 1-phenyl-2-(t-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl), 2-furyl-methyl,

2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cycloheptyl-methyl, 2-phenoxy-ethyl, 2-(2-pyridyl)-ethyl, 2-(6-fluoro-2-indolyl)ethyl and 2-phenyl-cyclopropyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methyl, 2,2,2-triluoroethyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, 3-(2-pyridyl)-n-propyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 4-(t-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-phenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-((1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl)-aminosulfonyl)-phenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)-phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 4-carboxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl, adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-furyl)methyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl-methyl, 3-pyridyl-methyl, 4-pyridyl-methyl, 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-bromopyridyl), 2-(4,6-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-methyl-pyridyl), 3-(6-methoxy-pyridyl), thienylmethyl, 2-thienylethyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)methyl, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-furyl-methyl,

2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cycloheptyl-methyl, 2-phenoxy-ethyl and 2-(6-fluoro-2-indolyl)-ethyl. Preferably still, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methyl, 2,2,2-triluoroethyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, 3-(2-pyridyl)-n-propyl, phenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-((1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl)-aminosulfonyl)-phenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)-phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 4-carboxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl, adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-furyl)methyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl-methyl, 3-pyridyl-methyl, 4-pyridyl-methyl, 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-bromopyridyl), 2-(4,6-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-methyl-pyridyl), 3-(6-methoxy-pyridyl), 2-thienylethyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)methyl, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-furyl-methyl,

2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cycloheptyl-methyl, 2-phenoxy-ethyl and 2-(6-fluoro-2-indolyl)-ethyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, n-butyl, n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, 3-(2-pyridyl)-n-propyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 4-(t-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-phenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-((1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl)-aminosulfonyl)-phenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)-phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl, 1-adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-furyl)methyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl-methyl, 3-pyridyl-methyl, 4-pyridyl-methyl, 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-bromopyridyl), 2-(4,6-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-methyl-pyridyl), 3-(6-methoxy-pyridyl), thienylmethyl, 2-thienylethyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)methyl, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-furyl-methyl,

2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cycloheptyl-methyl and 2-phenoxy-ethyl. Preferably, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, n-butyl, n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, 3-(2-pyridyl)-n-propyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-((1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl)-aminosulfonyl)-phenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)-phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl, 1-adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-furyl)methyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl-methyl, 3-pyridyl-methyl, 4-pyridyl-methyl, 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-bromopyridyl), 2-(4,6-dimethyl-pyridyl), 2-(5-methyl-pyridyl), 3-(6-methoxy-pyridyl), 2-thienylethyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)methyl, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-furyl-methyl,

2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cycloheptyl-methyl and 2-phenoxy-ethyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, n-butyl, 3-hydroxy-n-propyl, 3-methoxy-n-propyl, methylamino-n-propyl, dimethylamino-n-propyl, t-butoxycarbonylamino-n-propyl, N-methyl-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-amino-n-ethyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl, —CH(CH₃)-phenyl, 4-pyridinyl, 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl) and 2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethyl.

Preferably, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, n-butyl, 3-hydroxy-n-propyl, 3-methoxy-n-propyl, methylamino-n-propyl, dimethylamino-n-propyl, N-methyl-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-amino-n-ethyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl, —CH(CH₃)-phenyl, 4-pyridinyl and 2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, phenyl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino-carbonyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonylamino or phenylamino-C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the phenyl or arC₁₋₄alkyl substituent on the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂ or substituted phenyl; wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one to three independently selected from halogen. Preferably, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, phenyl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino-carbonyl, or phenylamino-C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the phenyl or arC₁₋₄alkyl substituent on the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂ or substituted phenyl; wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one to three independently selected from halogen.

In an embodiment of the present invention, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, phenyl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino-carbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonylamino or phenylamino-C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the phenyl or arC₁₋₄alkyl substituent is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from chloro, trifluoromethyl or chlorophenyl. Preferably, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, phenyl, arC₁₋₁₄alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino-carbonyl or phenylamino-C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the phenyl or arC₁₋₄alkyl substituent is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from trifluoromethyl or chlorophenyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from 1-morpholinyl, 1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(4-piperidinyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-pyrrolidinyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-phenyl-piperidinyl), 1-(3-hydroxy-piperidinyl), 1-(4-hydroxy-piperidinyl), 1-(3-hydroxymethyl-piperidinyl), 1-(3,5-dimethyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-dimethylamino-piperidinyl), 1-(4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenylmethyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonylamino-piperidinyl), 1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl), 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl), 4-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholinyl), 1-(4-benzyl-piperazinyl), 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-(2,3,-dihydro-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl), 1-piperidinyl, 1-(3-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl), 1-imidazolyl, 1-(2-(phenylamino-methyl)-N-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-dimethylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis-hydrooxymethyl-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-t-butoxycarbonylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-ethylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-amino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-amino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-methylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-methylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(N-methyl-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-amino)-pyrrolidinyl) or 1-(2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-5-carboxy-1,2,4-triazolyl). Preferably, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from 1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl-1-phenyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(4-piperidinyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenylmethyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl), 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl), 4-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholinyl), 1-(4-benzyl-piperazinyl), 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl), 1-imidazolyl and 1-(2-(phenylamino-methyl)-N-pyrrolidinyl).

In an embodiment of the present invention, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from 1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(4-phenyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-piperidinyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-methyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl), 4-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholinyl), 1-(4-benzyl-piperazinyl), 1-morpholinyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-(2,3-dihydro-pyrrolidinyl), 1-piperidinyl, 1-(3,5-dimethyl-piperidinyl), 1-(3-hydroxymethyl-piperidinyl), 1-(3-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-imidazolyl and 1-(2-(phenylamino-methyl)-N-pyrrolidinyl). Preferably, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from 1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(4-piperidinyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-methyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl), 4-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholinyl), 1-(4-benzyl-piperazinyl), 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 1-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-imidazolyl and 1-(2-(phenylamino-methyl)-N-pyrrolidinyl).

In an embodiment of the present invention, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from 1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(4-phenyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-piperidinyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-methyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl), 4-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholinyl), 1-(4-benzyl-piperazinyl), 1-(3,5-dimethyl-piperidinyl), 1-(3-hydroxymethyl-piperidinyl), 1-(3-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-piperidinyl, 1-morpholinyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-(2,3-dihydro-pyrrolidinyl), and 1-(2-(phenylamino-methyl)-N-pyrrolidinyl). Preferably, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from 1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(4-piperidinyl-piperidinyl), 1-(4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-methyl)-piperazinyl), 1-(3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl), 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl), 4-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholinyl), 1-(4-benzyl-piperazinyl), 1-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-piperidinyl), 1-piperidinyl, 1-imidazolyl and 1-(2-(phenylamino-methyl)-N-pyrrolidinyl).

In an embodiment of the present invention, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl), 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazinyl), 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-(3-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(4-hydroxy-piperidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-dimethylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-t-butoxycarbonylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-amino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-amino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-methylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-ethylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(4-dimethylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(N-methyl-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-amino-pyrrolidinyl) or 1-(2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-5-carboxy-1,2,4-triazolyl).

Preferably, when R¹ and R² are both bound to the same nitrogen atom, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a group selected from 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl), 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazinyl), 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-(3-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(4-hydroxy-piperidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-dimethylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-t-butoxycarbonylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-amino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-amino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-methylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(R)-methylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(S)-ethylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(4-dimethylamino-pyrrolidinyl), 1-(3-(N-methyl-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-amino-pyrrolidinyl) or 1-(2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-5-carboxy-1,2,4-triazolyl).

In an embodiment of the present invention, n is an integer from 0 to 1, preferably n is 0. In an embodiment of the present invention m is 0. In another embodiment of the present invention m is 1.

In an embodiment of the present invention p is an integer from 0 to 2, preferably p is an integer from 0 to 1. In an embodiment of the present invention q is 0. In another embodiment of the present invention, q is 1.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R³ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and arC₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the aryl or arC₁₋₄alkyl group is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂. Preferably, R³ is aryl; wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen. More preferably, R³ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 4-fluorophenyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, L¹ is C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₄alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₄alkoxy. Preferably, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. More preferably, L¹ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)— and —CH₂CH₂—. More preferably still, L¹ is —CH₂— or —CH₂CH₂—;

In an embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl.

In another embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of cyclooctyl, 1-acenaphthenyl, R-1-acenaphthenyl, S-1-acenaphthenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthyl, 2-thienyl, benzothienyl, 45,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothienyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]hepten-2-yl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl and (3aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl. Preferably,

is selected from the group consisting of cyclooctyl, 1-acenaphthenyl, R-1-acenaphthenyl, S-1-acenaphthenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-thienyl and (3aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl.

In another embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of cyclooctyl, 1-acenaphthenyl, R-1-acenaphthenyl, S-1-acenaphthenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl and (3a-S)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-2-yl.

In another embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of cyclooctyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-acenaphthenyl, R-1-acenaphthenyl, S-1-acenaphthenyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]hepten-2-yl and (3aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—N(R^(E))₂, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂.

In another embodiment of the present invention, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl and trifluoromethyl. Preferably, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of chloro, methyl, n-propyl and trifluoromethyl.

In another embodiment of the present invention, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, n-propyl, chloro and trifluoromethyl. Preferably, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, n-propyl and trifluoromethyl. More preferably, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl and n-propyl. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, R⁵ is methyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention R⁶ is -(L²)₀-R⁷. In another embodiment of the present invention, R⁶ is -(L²)₁-R⁷ and L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₄alkyl-, —O—, —S—, —N(R^(E))—, —C(O)O— and —O—C(O)—.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl. Preferably, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl. More preferably, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 2-thienyl. More preferably still, R⁷ is 2-thienyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) selected from the group consisting of

-   8-(R)     acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-amino-2-(S)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   8-(R)     acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   8-(R)-Acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-dimethylamino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   3-(3-Dimethylamino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   8-(R)-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxymethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-propyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-8-cyclooctyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-1-(S)-(3aS)-(2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-propylamino)-propyl]-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(3-methylamino-propylamino)-propyl]-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; -   3-[3-(3-Dimethylamino-propylamino)-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl]-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

With regard to compounds of formula (E), in an embodiment of the present invention Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl and t-butoxycarbonyl, preferably, C₁₋₄alkyl or t-butoxycarbonyl, more preferably ethyl. In another embodiment of the present invention Y is

Additional embodiments of the present invention, include those wherein the substituents selected for one or more of the variables defined herein (i.e. R⁰, R³, n, R⁴, m, L¹,

p, R⁵, q, R⁶ and Y) are independently selected to be any individual substituent or any subset of substituents selected from the complete list as defined herein.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “halogen” shall mean chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine.

As used herein, the term “alkyl”, whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, include straight and branched alkyl chain, preferably comprising one to eight carbon atoms. For example, alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and the like. As used herein, the term “lower alkyl” shall mean a straight or branched alkyl chain comprising one to four carbon atoms. Suitable examples of a lower alkyl group include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “hydroxy substituted alkyl” shall mean any straight or branched alkyl chain which is substituted with one or more hydroxy groups, for example hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxy-eth-2-yl, and the like. Preferably, the alkyl chain is substituted with one to three hydroxy groups, more preferably one hydroxy group.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “alkoxy” shall denote an oxygen ether radical of the above described straight or branched chain alkyl groups. For example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-hexyloxy and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “aryl” shall refer to unsubstituted carbocylic aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “arC₁₋₄alkyl” shall mean any lower alkyl group (i.e. C₁₋₄alkyl group) substituted with an aryl group such as phenyl, naphthyl and the like. Suitable examples of an arC₁₋₄alkyl group include, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl (i.e. Phenyl-CH₂—CH₂—), 3-phenyl-n-propyl (i.e. Phenyl-CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—), naphthyl-methyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “acyl” shall mean a radical formed from an organic acid by removal of the hydroxy group. Suitable example include acetyl, benzoyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “cycloalkyl” shall mean any stable three to fourteen membered monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or bridged carbon based, saturated ring system, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantanyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “carbocyclyl” shall mean four to fourteen membered, preferably five to thirteen membered, more preferably five to ten membered monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic, carbon based ring structure. Similarly, unless otherwise noted, the term “partially unsaturated carbocyclyl” shall mean any five to fourteen, preferably five to thirteen, more preferably five to ten, membered monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic, carbon based ring structure containing at least one unsaturated (double or triple) bond. Suitable examples of partially unsaturated carbocyclyl groups include 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, cyclohexen-1-yl, 1-acenaphthenyl,

and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “heteroaryl” shall denote any five to seven, preferably five to six, membered monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or a nine to ten membered bicyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. The heteroaryl group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure.

Examples of suitable heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, furazanyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolinyl, indazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, and the like. Preferred heteroaryl groups include thienyl, pyridyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl and quinolinyl.

One skilled in the art will recognize that wherein the heteroaryl group contains one or more nitrogen atoms, said heteroaryl group may optionally be present as or within a substituent group in a quaternary form, for example as in 1-(2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-5-carboxy-1,2,4-triazolyl), a substituent of the formula

As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkyl” shall denote any five to seven, preferably five to six, membered monocyclic, saturated or partially unsaturated ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or a nine to ten membered saturated, partially unsaturated or partially aromatic bicyclic ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. The heterocycloalkyl group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure.

Examples of suitable heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxalanyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, dioxanyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, trithianyl, indolinyl, chromenyl, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[b]thienyl and the like. Preferred heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[b]thienyl, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl and 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]dioxepine.

As used herein, the name “1-acenaphthenyl” shall mean a substituent group of the formula

As used herein, the name “2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethyl” shall mean a substituent group of the formula

As used herein, the name “2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinyl)” shall mean a substituent group of the formula

As used herein, the name “2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl shall mean a substituent group of the formula

As used herein, the name “oxarinyl-methyl” shall mean a substituent group of the formula

As used herein, the name “6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl” shall mean a substituent group of the formula

As used herein, the name “6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-enyl” shall mean a substituent group of the formula

As used herein, the notation “*” shall denote the presence of a stereogenic center.

When a particular group is “substituted” (e.g., alkyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl), that group may have one or more substituents, preferably from one to five substituents, more preferably from one to three substituents, most preferably from one to two substituents, independently selected from the list of substituents.

With reference to substituents, the term “independently” means that when more than one of such substituents is possible, such substituents may be the same or different from each other.

Under standard nomenclature used throughout this disclosure, the terminal portion of the designated side chain is described first, followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment. Thus, for example, a “phenylC₁-C₆alkylaminocarbonylC₁-C₆alkyl” substituent refers to a group of the formula

Abbreviations used in the specification, particularly the Schemes and Examples, are as follows

-   AcCN=Acetonitrile -   BINAP=2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl -   Boc=t-Butoxycarbonyl -   CBz=benzyloxycarbonyl (C₆H₅—CH₂—O—C(O)—) -   DAMGO=Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-N-methyl-Phe-GIy-ol -   DCC=N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide -   DCE=Dichloroethane -   DCM=Dichloromethane -   DIPEA or DIEA=Diisopropylethylamine -   DMF=N,N-Dimethylformamide -   DME=1,2-dimethoxyethane -   DMSO=Dimethylsulfoxide -   DPDPE=Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-p-Chloro-Phe-D-Pen[Disulfide Bridge: 2-5] -   EDCI=1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride -   EDTA=Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid -   EGTA=Ethylene glycol-O,O′-bis(2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetracacetic     acid -   EtOAc=Ethyl acetate -   Fmoc=9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl -   HBTU=O-(1H-Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium     hexafluorophosphate -   hex=Hexane -   HPLC=High Pressure Liquid Chromatography -   KO-t-Bu=Potassium t-butoxide -   LiHMDS=Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide -   mCPBA=meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid -   MeCN=Acetonitrile -   Ms=mesyl or methanesulfonyl group -   μW=Microwave -   NaHMDS=Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide -   NatBuO or tBuONa=Sodium t-butoxide -   NMP=N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone -   Pd₂(dba)₃=Tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) -   Pd(OAc)₂ Palladium (II) acetate -   Pd(PPh₃)₄=tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) -   PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ or =di(chloro)di(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)     Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ -   P(tBu)₃=Tri-t-butyl phosphine -   PEI=Polyethylimine -   TEA or Et₃N=Triethylamine -   TFA=Trifluoroacetic acid -   THF=Tetrahydrofuran -   TLC=Thin Layer Chromatography -   TNE Buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4+5 mM EDTA+150 mM NaCl -   Tris HCl=Tris[hydroxymethyl]aminomethyl hydrochloride -   Ts=Tosyl or p-toluenesulfonyl group -   U69593=(+)-(5α,7α,8β)-N-methyl-N-7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]benzene     acetamide

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “eating disorders” shall mean any disorder associated with eating. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge eating, food cravings, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “adrenal disorders” shall mean disorders mediated by the adrenal gland. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and the like.

The term “subject” as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who is or has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts.” Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of compounds according to this invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compound with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid. Furthermore, where the compounds of the invention carry an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts. Thus, representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the following:

acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, oleate, pamoate (embonate), palmitate, pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, sulfate, subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, tosylate, triethiodide and valerate.

The compounds of formula (I) of the present invention may be prepared according to the processes described in more detail herein. More particularly, the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared through intermediates of formula (M1) or (M2), as outlined in Scheme 1.

More particularly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted to yield the compound of formula (Ml), which is then further reacted to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (II) is reacted to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M2), which is further reacted to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).

One skilled in the art will recognize that in the processes outlined above, more particularly in the reaction of a compound of formula (II) to form the compound of formula (Ml), the N atom at the 8 position of the 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one core is preferably protected, by known methods, with a known protecting group such as BOC, Fmoc, CBz, benzoyl, benzhydryl, and the like. One skilled in the art will further recognize that when a protecting group is utilized in the preparation of the compound of formula (Ml), the protecting group is removed, by known methods, prior to reacting the compound of formula (Ml) to yield the compound of formula (I).

One skilled in the art will recognize that the processes hereinafter outlined in Schemes 2 to 7 incorporate the R⁰ or “top” substituent portion of the molecule onto the core structure, whereas Schemes 8 to 14 incorporate the

or “bottom” substituent portion of the molecule onto the core structure. One skilled in the art will further recognize that the top and bottom substituent portions may be incorporated into the compound of formula (I) in any order which yields the desired product.

Compounds of formula (Ml) wherein R⁰ is —CR^(A)R^(B)—CH(OH)—CR^(C)R^(D)—X and X is NR¹R² may be prepared from a suitably substituted compound of formula (II) according to the process outlined in Scheme 2.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), is protected by known methods, with a suitably protecting group PG¹, such as t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), CBz, Fmoc, benzhydryl, triphenylmethyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, benzoyl, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (III).

The compound of formula (III) is reacted with a suitable substituted compound of formula (IV) wherein Q is a suitable leaving group such as Cl, Br, I, tosylate, mesylate, and the like, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as NaH, KO-t-Bu, K₂CO₃, NaHMDS, LiHMDS, and the like, in an organic solvent such as NMP, DMF, THF, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (V).

The compound of formula (V) is reacted with a suitably substituted amine of formula (VI), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in an organic solvent such as ethanol, acetonitrile, methanol, isopropanol, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII).

The compound of formula (VII) is de-protected by known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M1a).

One skilled in the art will recognize that in the preparation of compounds of formula (I) and (M1a) as in Scheme 2 above (i.e. in reactions where the oxarinyl group is opened with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VI)), the stereo-configuration of the hydroxy group will be determined by the stereo-configuration of the compound of formula (IV), with the naming (R or S) of the stereo-center based on chemical nomenclature rules. Thus, for example, wherein the process outlined in Scheme 2 above R¹, R², R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) and R^(D) are each hydrogen, the compound of formula (IV) is 2-(R)-chloromethyl-oxirane, then the compound of formula (M1a) will have the hydroxy group in the (R) position.

Compounds of formula (M1a) wherein R⁰ is

may be similarly prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 2 above, with substitution of a suitably substituted compound of formula (VIII)

wherein Q is a suitable leaving group as previously defined, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, for the compound (IV).

Compounds of formula (Ml) wherein X is —O—R¹ may be prepared from a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) according to the process outlined in Scheme 3.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (V), is reacted with suitably substituted compound of formula (IX), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as NaH, KH, sodium trimethylsilylamide, TEA, DIPEA, and the like, wherein the base is present in amount equal to or greater than about one molar equivalent, in an organic solvent such as THF, NMP, DMF, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (X).

The compound of formula (X) is de-protected, by known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M1b).

Compounds of formula (Ml) wherein X is selected from the group consisting of —S—R¹, —SO—R^(1L) or —SO₂—R¹ may be prepared from a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) according to the process outlined in Scheme 4.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (XI), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, and the like, in a protic solvent such as ethanol, methanol, NMP, and the like, or a mixture thereof, preferably at an elevated temperature in the range of about room temperature to about 100° C., preferably at a temperature of about 50 to about 100° C., to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XII).

The compound of formula (XII) is de-protected by known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M1c), wherein X is —S—R¹.

Alternatively, the compound of formula (XII) is oxidized with an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, mCPBA, and the like, according to known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII).

The compound of formula (XIII) is de-protected by known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M1d), wherein X is —SO—R¹ or —SO₂—R¹.

One skilled in the art will recognize that in the processes described in Scheme 4 above, the PG¹ protecting group on the N atom at the 8-position of the 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one is not mandatory (but may be preferred), as the reactions will yield the desired compounds even in the absence of protection of the N atom.

One skilled in the art will recognize that compounds of formula (Ml) wherein X is selected from —S-(alkyl)-NR¹R², —SO-(alkyl)-NR¹R² or —SO₂— (alkyl)-NR¹R² may be similarly prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 4 above, with substitution of a suitably substituted compound of formula (XIV)

HS-(alkyl)-NR¹R²  (XIV)

a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, for the compound of formula (XI).

Compounds of formula (Ml) wherein X is —NR¹—C(O)—R² may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 5.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (VII), wherein R¹ is hydrogen, is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula, (XV), wherein Z is Cl, Br or OH, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, wherein the base is present in an amount equal to or greater than about one molar equivalent, in an organic solvent such as THF, DMF, NMP, DCM, and the like, preferably at room temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVI). Wherein the compound of formula (XV) Z is OH, the compound of formula (VII) is reacted with the compound of formula (XV) in the presence of a coupling agent such as HBTU, DCC, and the like.

The compound of formula (XVI) is de-protected by known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M1e).

Compounds of formula (Ml) wherein X is —C(O)—NR¹NR² may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 6.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) is reacted with potassium cyanide, in a co-solvent such as methanol-water, and the like, preferably at room temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVII).

The compound of formula (XVII) is reacted with a base such as KOH, NaOH, and the like or with an acid such as H₂SO₄, HCl, and the like, or NaBH₄ in the presence of AlCl₃, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVIII).

The compound of formula (XVIII) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VI), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a coupling agent such as DCC, EDCl, and the like, in an organic solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, THF, DMF, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIX).

The compound of formula (XIX) is de-protected by known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M1f).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (XVII) is reacted with a suitably substituted alcohol, a compound of the formula R¹—OH, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid, H₂SO₄, HCl, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ml) wherein X is C(O)NHR¹. One skilled in the art will recognize that compounds of formula (Ml) wherein X is C(O)N(R¹)₂ may be similarly prepared by reacting the compound of formula (XVII) with a suitably substituted alcohol of the formula R¹—OH, in the presence of an acid such as H₂SO₄, HCl, and the like, wherein the alcohol of formula R¹—OH is present in an excess amount.

Compounds of formula (M1a) wherein R⁰ is

may alternatively be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 7.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (III), is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (XX), wherein Q is a suitable leaving group such as Cl, Br, I, tosylate, mesylate, and the like, and wherein PG² is a suitably protecting group such as benzyl, acyl, and the like, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as NaH, KO-t-Bu, K₂CO₃, NaHMDS, LiHMDS, and the like, in an organic solvent such as NMP, DMF, THF, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXI).

The compound of formula (XXI) is de-protected by known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M1a). One skilled in the art will recognize that the protecting groups PG¹ and PG² on the compound of formula (XXI) may be removed simultaneously or sequentially, in any order, by known methods.

One skilled in the art will recognize, that compounds of formula (Ml) wherein R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

may be similarly prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 7 above, with selection and substitution of a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXII)

or the compound of formula (XXIII),

respectively, for the compound of formula (XX).

One skilled in the art will recognize that the processes outlined in Schemes 2 to 7 above may be similarly applied to the preparation of compounds of formula (I) with substitution of a suitably substituted compound of formula (M2) for the compound of formula (II).

Compounds of formula (M2), wherein m is an integer from 0 to 1, provided that when

is aryl or heteroaryl, then m is 1, may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 8.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXIV), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, and the like, wherein the base is present in an amount equal to or greater than about one molar equivalent, in an organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO, NMP, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M2).

Compounds of formula (M2) wherein m is 0 and

is aryl or heteroaryl may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 9.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXV), wherein Q is a suitable leaving group such as Cl, Br, I, triflate, and the like, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd(OAc)₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, and the like, in the presence of a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, P(tBu)₃, and the like, in the presence of a base such as Na₂CO₃, tBuONa, and the like, in an organic solvent such as toluene, dioxane, and the like, preferably at an elevated temperature in the range of about 30 to about 120° C., to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M2a).

Compounds of formula (M2) may alternatively be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 10.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXVI), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, and the like, wherein the base is present in an amount equal to or greater than about one molar equivalent, in an organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO, NMP, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXVII).

The compound of formula (XXVII) is reacted with a suitably substituted boronic acid, a compound of formula (XXVIII), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, and the like, in the presence of a base such as Na₂CO₃, K₃PO₄, and the like, in a non-protic organic solvent or mixture thereof, such as toluene, DME, DMF, and the like, or a mixture thereof such as toluene/ethanol, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M2).

One skilled in the art will recognize that for compounds of formula (XXVI), the Br may alternatively be replaced with an I or triflate.

Compounds of formula (M2) wherein m is 1, L¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl, R⁶ is (L²)O—R⁷ and R⁷ is an aryl or heteroaryl group may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 11.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted aldehyde, a compound of formula (XXIX), wherein D is C₁₋₅alkyl or C₂₋₅alkenyl, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, and the like, in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DCE, THF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M2a).

Compounds of formula (XXIX) may be prepared according to the processes outlined in Scheme 12.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXX), wherein D is C₁₋₅alkyl or C₂₋₅alkenyl, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted boronic acid, a compound of formula (XXXI), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, and the like, in the presence of a base such as Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, K₃PO₄, and the like, in a non-protic organic solvent or mixture thereof such as toluene, toluene/ethanol, DME, DMF, benzene, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXIX).

Alternatively, a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXXII), wherein D is C₁₋₅alkyl or C₂₋₅alkenyl, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXXIII), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, and the like, in the presence of a base such as aqueous NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₃PO₄, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DME, DMF, toluene, benzene, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXIX).

One skilled in the art will recognize that for compounds of formula (XXXI) and/or compounds of formula (XXXIII), the Br may alternatively be replaced with an I or triflate.

Compounds of formula (M2) wherein q is 1, R⁶ is (L²)₁-R⁷ and L² is —O— may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 13.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXXIV), wherein D is C₁₋₅alkyl or C₂₋₅alkenyl, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted alcohol, a compound of formula (XXXV), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an activating agent such as tributylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine, and the like, in an anhydrous organic solvent such as benzene, THF, DCM, and the like, (via a Mitsunobu reaction) in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine, diethylazodicarboxylate, diisopropylazodicarboxylate, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXXVII).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (XXXVII) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XXXIV) with a compound of formula (XXXV), wherein the hydroxy (OH) group on the compound of formula (XXXV) is replaced with a fluoro, bromo or triflate, in the presence of a base such as K₂CO₃, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and the like, in a dipolar aprotic solvent such as (CH₃)₂NCOCH₃, DMF, DMSO, and the like.

Alternatively, the compound of formula (XXXIV) is reacted with a suitably substituted boronic acid, a compound of formula (XXXVI), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst such as copper (II) acetate, and the like, in the presence of an base such as TEA, pyridine, and the like, in the presence of molecular sieves, preferably 4 Angstrom molecular sieves, in an organic solvent such as DCM, DCE, and the like, preferably at ambient temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXXVII).

The compound of formula (XXXVII) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DCE, THF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M2b).

One skilled in the art will recognize that compounds of formula (M2) wherein L² is —S— may similarly be prepared according to the process outlined above with appropriate selection and substitution of suitably substituted starting materials (e.g. substitution of the OH group on the compound of formula (XXXIV) with Cl or Br and substitution of a suitably substituted compound of the formula R⁷—SH for the compound of formula (XXXV), preferably in the presence of a copper catalyst, according to known methods. The sulfur group may then be further oxidized with a suitable oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, mCPBA, and the like, according to known methods, to yield the corresponding compound wherein L² is selected from —SO— or —SO₂—.

Compounds of formula (M2) wherein R⁶ is -L²-R⁷ and L² is C₂₋₄alkenyl may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 14.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXXVIII), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted boronic acid, a compound of formula (XXVIII), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, and the like, in the presence of a base such as NaHCO₃, K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXXIX).

The compound of formula (XXXIX) is reacted with methanesulfonyl chloride, a known compound, in the presence of an organic base such as TEA, DIPEA, N-methylmorpholine, and the like, in an aprotic solvent such as DCM, THF, acetonitrile, CHCl₃, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXXX), wherein Ms is a mesyl group.

The compound of formula (XXXX) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DCM, DCE, THF, methanol, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (M2c).

One skilled in the art will recognize that the processes outlined in Schemes 8 to 14 above may be similarly applied to the preparation of compounds of formula (I) with substitution of a suitably substituted compound of formula (Ml) for the compound of formula (II).

Where the compounds according to this invention have at least one chiral center, they may accordingly exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds possess two or more chiral centers, they may additionally exist as diastereomers. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms for the compounds may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention. In addition, some of the compounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents, and such solvates are also intended to be encompassed within the scope of this invention.

Where the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixture of stereoisomers, these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography. The compounds may be prepared in racemic form, or individual enantiomers may be prepared either by enantiospecific synthesis or by resolution. The compounds may, for example, be resolved into their component enantiomers by standard techniques, such as the formation of diastereomeric pairs by salt formation with an optically active acid, such as (−)-di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid and/or (+)-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base. The compounds may also be resolved by formation of diastereomeric esters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using a chiral HPLC column.

During any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.

The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound. Thus, in the methods of treatment of the present invention, the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of the various disorders described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the patient. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.

Following the procedures described herein, representative compounds of the present invention were prepared as listed in Tables 1-8. In the Tables below, the column headed with a * shall define the stereochemical configuration of the bond denoted with the “*” symbol in the general structure at the head of the table. In addition to “R” and “S” designations, racemic mixtures will be denoted with the term “Rac”. For the

substituent, the stereoconfiguration is racemic, unless otherwise noted with an “R” or “S”. In the columns headed (L¹)_(m), a listing of “absent” shall mean that m is 0.

TABLE 1

ID# * R² R³ (L¹)_(m)

1 S 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl ethyl 2 R 3,4-dimethoxy benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 3 R 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 4 R 2-(4-imidazolyl) ethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 5 R 4-bromobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 6 R 3,4-dimethoxy benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 7 S 2,4-difluorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 8 S 2,4-dimethoxy benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 9 S 4-biphenyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 10 S 2-ethoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 11 S 2-phenylethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 12 S 2,5-difluorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 13 S 2-(5-bromopyridyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 14 S 2-methoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 15 S 4-bromobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 16 S 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 17 S 1-adamantanyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl methyl 18 S 3-methylbenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 19 S 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-2,5- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl dihydro-furyl)-methyl 20 S 3-bromobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 21 S 3-chlorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 22 S 3,4-dimethoxy benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 23 S 4-nitrobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 24 S 4-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 25 S 3,5-dimethoxy-benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 26 S 2-(2-thienyl)ethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 27 S 2-methylbenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 28 S 2-(4-imidazolyl)-ethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 29 S 4-trifluoromethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl benzyl 30 S 2-(4-bromophenyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl ethyl 31 S 2,4-dichlorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 32 S 3-pyridylmethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 33 S 3-trifluoromethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl benzyl 34 S 2-(4-methoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl phenyl)ethyl 35 S 3-methoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 36 S 4-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 38 S 2-(3,4-dimethoxy 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl phenyl)ethyl 39 S 2-pyridylmethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 40 S 1-naphthyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 41 S 4-methylbenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 42 S 2-(3,5-dimethyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl pyridyl) 43 S 3,4,5-trimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl benzyl 44 S 2-bromobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 45 S 2,3-dimethoxy benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 46 S 3,4-dichlorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 47 R 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 48 S 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl phenyl)ethyl 49 S 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl absent 4-n-propyl-cyclohexyl phenyl)ethyl 50 S 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂CH₂ phenyl 51 S 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂CH₂ phenyl 52 Rac 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- phenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl phenyl)ethyl 53 R 2-(4-morpholinyl) phenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl ethyl 251 S 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-naphthyl ethyl 253 S 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-naphthyl phenyl)ethyl 254 S 2-(3,4-methylene 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-naphthyl dioxyphenyl)ethyl 255 S 2-(2-nitro-4,5- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-naphthyl dimethoxy-phenyl) ethyl 259 S 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2-naphthyl ethyl 261 S 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2-naphthyl phenyl)ethyl 262 S 2-(3,4-methylene 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2-naphthyl dioxyphenyl)ethyl 265 S 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl ethyl 267 R 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl phenyl)ethyl 268 R 2-(3,4-methylene 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl dioxyphenyl)ethyl 269 R 2-(2-nitro-4,5- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl dimethoxy-phenyl) ethyl 271 R 2-(3,4-methylene 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl dioxphenyl)ethyl 276 S 2-(2-nitro-4,5- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl dimethoxy-phenyl) ethyl 279 S 1-(t-butoxy-carbonyl)- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 2-phenylethyl 281 S 2-ethoxy-phenyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 282 S 4-((1-phenyl-pyrazol- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 2-yl)-aminosulfonyl) phenyl 285 S 4-cyclohexyl-phenyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 292 S 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 5-phenyl-2-thienyl phenyl)ethyl 293 S 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 5-phenyl-2-thienyl ethyl 298 R 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl ethyl 300 R 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl phenyl)ethyl 307 S 3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 308 S 4-nitrobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 309 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl isoquinolinyl) 310 S 4-biphenyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 311 S 2-furylmethyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 312 S 3-iodobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 314 S 3,4-difluorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 315 S 3-bromobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 316 S 4-chlorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 317 S 4-methoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 318 S 2-methoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 319 S 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl) 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl benzyl 320 S 3,4,5- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl trimethoxybenzyl 321 S 3-fluorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 322 S 3-methoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 323 S 2-(4-methoxy- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl phenyl)ethyl 324 S 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 325 S 4-methyl-benzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 326 S 3-(phenyl-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 327 S 4-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 328 S 4-trifluoromethoxy 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl benzyl 329 S 2-(phenoxy)ethyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 330 S 2-methyl-benzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 331 S 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 338 S 3-di(n-butyl)amino-n- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl propyl 341 S 2-phenylethyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 342 S 2,5-difluoro-benzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 343 S 3,4-dichloro-benzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 344 S 3-trifluoromethyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 345 S benzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 346 S 2-fluoro-benzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 347 S 4-trifluoromethyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl benzyl 348 S 4-methoxycarbonyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl benzyl 349 S 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 350 S 3-chlorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 351 S 3-ethoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 352 S 4-bromobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 353 S 3-methylbenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 354 S 4-fluorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 355 S 2-bromobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 356 S 2-(3,4-methylene 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl dioxyphenyl)ethyl 358 S 2,4-difluorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 365 S 2-(4-bromophenyl) 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl ethyl 366 S 3-pyridyl-methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 367 S 2,4,6- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl trimethoxybenzyl 368 S 2,4-dichlorobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 370 S 3-nitrobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 371 S 1-naphthyl-methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 372 S 2-(2-thienyl)ethyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 373 S 2-trifluoromethyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl benzyl 35 R 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphtyl) phenyl)ethyl 386 S 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphtyl) phenyl)ethyl 387 R 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphtyl) ethyl 374 S

4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 375 S 2-(4,6-dimethyl)- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl pyridyl 376 S 4-pyridyl-methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 378 R 2-pyridyl-methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 379 R 4-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 380 R 3-(6-methoxy-pyridyl) 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 381 R 3-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 383 R 2-(5-methyl-pyridyl) 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 390 R 2-(3,4-methylene 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) dioxyphenyl)ethyl 392 R 4-methoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 393 R 4-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl Ch₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 396 S 2-(4-morpholinyl) 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) ethyl 398 S 4-methoxybenzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 418 S 2-(3,4-methylene 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) dioxyphenyl)ethyl 419 S 2-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 420 R H 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 421 R 2-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 422 S H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 424 S H 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 425 R methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 426 R H 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 427 R methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 430 S H 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 431 S methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 437 S methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 438 R H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 443 S methoxy 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 444 S ethoxy 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 446 R 2-(3,4-methylene 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl dioxyphenyl)ethyl 448 S 2-phenoxyethyl 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 451 S 4-(1-phenyl-2- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl pyrazolyl-amino- sulfonyl)phenyl 452 S 4-carboxy-benzyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 453 S H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 454 S n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 458 S phenyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2-trifluoromethyl-6- chloro-phenyl 461 R 2-(2-nitro-4,5- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl dimethoxy- phenyl)ethyl 463 S benzyloxy 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 464 R 4-(aminoethyl)-phenyl 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 600 S phenyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 601 R 4-(t-butoxycarbonyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl amino-ethyl)-phenyl 602 S 4-fluorophenyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 603 S 3,4-(dimethoxy)- 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 604 S 4-(methyl)-phenyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 605 R 2-(aminoethyl)-phenyl 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 606 S 1-cyclopropyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 607 S 1-Adamantanyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 3,5-bis- trifluoromethyl-phenyl 608 S 4-pyridyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 3,5-bis- trifluoromethyl-phenyl 609 S 1-(3-pyridyl)-methyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 3,5-bis- trifluoromethyl-phenyl 610 S 3-di(n-butyl)amino-n- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 3,5-bis- propyl trifluoromethyl-phenyl 611 R 1-(3-pyridyl)-methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 612 S 1-(4-pyridyl)-methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 613 S 1-(3-pyridyl)-methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 614 S 1-(2-thienyl)-methyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 615 R

4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 616 S H 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl 617 S 4-pyridinyl 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl 618 S 4-pyridinyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂

619 S H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂

620 R H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 621 R 4-pyridinyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 622 S

4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 623 R H 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl 624 R n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl 625 R 3-nitrobenzyl 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl 626 R

4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl 627 R 4-pyridinyl 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl 628 R 4-methoxycarbonyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl benzyl 629 R 1-[2-(3h-imidazol-4- 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl yl)-ethyl] 630 —

4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 631 R C(O)O-t-butyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 632 R H 4-fluorophenyl CH(CH₃)

633 S dimethylamino-n- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 634 S 3-hydroxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 635 R 3-hydroxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 636 R dimethylamino-n- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl propyl 637 S 3-hydroxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 638 S dimethylamino-n- 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl propyl 639 R 3-hydroxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 640 R H phenyl absent 1S-(3a-S)- 2,3,3a,4,5,6- hexahydro-1H- phenalen-1-yl 641 S 3-methoxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 642 S 3-hydroxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 643 R 3-hydroxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 644 R 3-methoxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 645 R

4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 646 S

4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 647 R dimethylamino-n- 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl propyl 648 S methyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 649 S 3-hydroxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 650 S 3-methoxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 651 R 3-hydroxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 652 R 3-methoxy-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 653 S dimethylamino-n- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) propyl 654 S methylamino-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 655 S methylamino-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 656 R methylamino-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 657 R methylamino-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 658 S methylamino-n-propyl phenyl absent 1S-(3a-S)- 2,3,3a,4,5,6- hexahydro-1H- phenalen-1-yl 659 S H phenyl absent 1S-(3a-S)- 2,3,3a,4,5,6- hexahydro-1H- phenalen-1-yl 660 R methyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 661 R methylamino-ethyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 662 R 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) piperidinyl) 663 R

4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 664 R methylamino-n-propyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂

665 R t-butoxycarbonyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) amino-n-propyl 666 R dimethylamino-n- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) propyl 667 R N-methyl-N-t- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) butoxycarbonyl- amino-ethyl

TABLE 2

ID# * R¹ R² R³ (L¹)_(m)

54 S n-butyl benzyl phenyl absent (3a-S)-2,3,3a,4,5,6- hexahydro-1H- phenalen-2-yl 55 S ethyl 4-methyl 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl benzyl phenyl 56 S t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 57 S ethyl 4-methyl 4-fluoro- absent 4-n-propyl-cyclohexyl benzyl phenyl 58 S ethyl 4-methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂CH₂ phenyl benzyl phenyl 59 S t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- absent 4-n-propyl-cyclohexyl phenyl 60 S t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂CH₂ phenyl phenyl 61 Rac ethyl 4-methyl phenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl benzyl 62 Rac t-butyl benzyl phenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 63 S 2-(dimethyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl amino)ethyl phenyl 64 S n-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl phenyl 65 S benzyl 2-phenyl- 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl ethyl phenyl 78 S

4-methyl benzyl 4-fluoro phenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 79 S

4-methyl benzyl 4-fluoro phenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 250 S t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro CH₂ 1-naphthyl phenyl 252 S ethyl 4-methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-naphthyl benzyl phenyl 256 S methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-naphthyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 258 S ethyl 4-methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 2-naphthyl benzyl phenyl 260 S t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 2-naphthyl phenyl 263 S methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- CH₂ 2-naphthyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 264 S ethyl 4-methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl benzyl phenyl 266 S t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl phenyl 270 S methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 275 S methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 280 S n-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 2,3,4,5,6- phenyl pentamethyl-phenyl 283 S methyl 3-(2-pyridyl)- 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl n-propyl phenyl 289 S benzyl (1S,2S)-1- 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl hydroxy- phenyl cyclopent-2- yl-methyl 290 S benzyl (1S,2S)-1- 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl hydroxy- phenyl cyclohex-2- yl-methyl 291 S benzyl (1S,2S)-1- 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl hydroxy- phenyl cyclohept-2- yl-methyl 294 S ethyl 4-methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 5-phenyl-2-thienyl benzyl phenyl 295 Rac methyl 2-(3,4- phenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl dimethoxy- phenyl)ethyl 299 R t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 305 R methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 313 S benzyl 2-phenylethyl 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 339 R methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- absent R-1-acenaphthenyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 340 R methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- absent S-1-acenaphthenyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 362 S benzyl benzyl 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 364 S methyl 2-(2-pyridyl) 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl ethyl phenyl 389 R t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) phenyl 391 R methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 394 S ethyl 4-methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) benzyl phenyl 395 S t-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) phenyl 399 S methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)ethyl 423 R methyl methyl 4-fluoro- absent R-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 428 R methyl methyl 4-fluoro- absent S-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 429 R methyl ethyl 4-fluoro- absent S-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 432 S methyl methyl 4-fluoro- absent S-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 433 S methyl ethyl 4-fluoro- absent S-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 434 R methyl ethyl 4-fluoro- absent R-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 435 S methyl methyl 4-fluoro- absent R-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 436 S methyl ethyl 4-fluoro- absent R-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 439 S methyl methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) phenyl 440 S methyl ethyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) phenyl 441 R methyl methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) phenyl 442 R methyl ethyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) phenyl 455 S 4-methyl- 6-methylthio- 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl benzyl 2-pyridyl- phenyl carbonyl 456 S n-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 2-trifluoromethyl-6- phenyl chloro-phenyl 457 S methyl 2-(3,4- 4-fluoro- CH₂ 2-trifluoromethyl-6- dimethoxy- phenyl chloro-phenyl phenyl)ethyl 459 S benzyl 2-(dimethyl- 4-fluoro- CH₂ 2-trifluoromethyl-6- amino)ethyl phenyl chloro-phenyl 462 R ethyl 4-methyl- 4-fluoro- absent 1-acenaphthenyl benzyl phenyl 668 S ethyl phenyl 4-fluoro- absent R-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 669 S methyl phenyl 4-fluoro- absent R-1-acenaphthenyl phenyl 670 S ethoxy- benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 3,5-bis- carbonyl- phenyl trifluoromethyl-phenyl methyl 671 S n-butyl benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 3,5-bis- phenyl trifluoromethyl-phenyl 672 S 1-phenyl- benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 3,5-bis- ethyl phenyl trifluoromethyl-phenyl 673 S 2-(3,4- methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 3,5-bis- dimethoxy- phenyl trifluoromethyl-phenyl phenyl)- ethyl 674 S (dimethyl- benzyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 3,5-bis- amino)- phenyl trifluoromethyl-phenyl ethyl 675 S 2-(3,4- methyl 4-fluoro- absent cyclooctyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)- ethyl 676 S benzyl n-butyl 4-fluoro- absent cyclooctyl phenyl 677 S benzyl n-butyl 4-fluoro- phenyl CH₂

678 R 2-(3,4- methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ cyclooctyl dimethoxy- phenyl phenyl)- ethyl 679 S t-butoxy- methyl 4-fluoro- absent R-1-acenaphthenyl carbonyl phenyl 680 S t-butoxy- methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) carbonyl phenyl 681 R amino-n- methyl 4-fluoro- CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) propyl phenyl

TABLE 3

ID# * T¹ (NR¹R² taken together)

66 S 1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- cyclooctyl-methyl piperazinyl) 67 S 1-(4-piperidinyl-piperidinyl) cyclooctyl-methyl 68 S 1-(4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl- cyclooctyl-methyl methyl)-piperazinyl) 69 S 1-(3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-piperidinyl) cyclooctyl-methyl 70 S 1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl) cyclooctyl-methyl 71 S 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]- cyclooctyl-methyl piperazinyl) 72 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl) cyclooctyl-methyl 73 S 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl) cyclooctyl-methyl 74 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- cyclooctyl-methyl isoquinolinyl) 75 S 4-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholinyl) cyclooctyl-methyl 76 S 1-(4-benzyl-piperazinyl) cyclooctyl-methyl 115 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl) 2-(2-(2-thienyl)- phenyl)ethyl 160 R 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl) 2-(2-(2-thienyl)- phenyl)ethyl 165 S 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonyl-piperazinyl) 2-(2-(2-thienyl)- phenyl)-ethyl 166 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- 2-(2-(2-thienyl)- isoquinolinyl) phenyl)ethyl 181 R 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- 2-(2-(2-thienyl)- isoquinolinyl) phenyl)ethyl 183 R 1-pyrrolidinyl 2-(2-(2-thienyl)- phenyl)ethyl 188 R 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl) 2-(2-(2-thienyl)- phenyl)-ethyl 257 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- 2-(2-(2-thienyl)- isoquinolinyl) phenyl)ethyl 284 S 1-(2S-(phenylamino-methyl)- cyclooctyl-methyl pyrrolidinyl) 682 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl) 3,5-bis-trifluoro- methyl-benzyl 683 S 1-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- 3,5-bis-trifluoro- piperazinyl] methyl-benzyl 684 S 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl) 3,5-bis-trifluoro- methyl-benzyl 685 S 1-(2,3-dihydro-pyrrolidinyl) 3,5-bis-trifluoro- methyl-benzyl 686 S 3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-piperidinyl 3,5-bis-trifluoro- methyl-benzyl 687 S

cyclooctyl 688 R 1-(3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis- cyclooctyl hydroxymethyl-pyrrolidinyl) 689 R 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- cyclooctyl isoquinolinyl) 690 R

cyclooctyl

TABLE 4

ID# * T² (NR¹R² taken together)

296 R 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- 1-acenaphthenyl isoquinolinyl) 332 S 1-(4-benzyl-piperazinyl) 1-acenaphthenyl 333 S 1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- 1-acenaphthenyl piperazinyl) 334 S 1-(4-(1-piperidinyl)-piperidinyl) 1-acenaphthenyl 335 S 1-(4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl- 1-acenaphthenyl methyl)-piperazinyl) 336 S 1-(3-(diethylaminocarbonyl)- 1-acenaphthenyl piperidinyl) 337 S 1-(4-[(4-chlorophenyl)- 1-acenaphthenyl phenylmethyl]-piperazinyl) 360 S 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl) 1-acenaphthenyl 377 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- 1-acenaphthenyl isoquinolinyl) 382 R 1-imidazolyl 1-acenaphthenyl 388 S 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) isoquinolinyl) 445 R 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- 1-acenaphthenyl isoquinolinyl) 465 S 1-piperidinyl R-1-acenaphthenyl 691 S 1-morpholinyl R-1-acenaphthenyl 692 S 1-pyrrolidinyl R-1-acenaphthenyl 693 R 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 694 R 1-(4-phenyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 695 R 1-(3-hydroxymethyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 696 R 1-(3-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 697 R 1-piperidinyl R-1-acenaphthenyl 698 R 1-pyrrolidinyl R-1-acenaphthenyl 699 S 1-(3,5-dimethyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 700 S 1-(4-phenyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 701 S 1-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 702 S 1-(3-hydroxymethyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 703 R 1-(3,5-dimethyl-piperidinyl) R-1-acenaphthenyl 704 S 1-pyrrolidinyl 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 705 R 1-pyrrolidinyl 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 706 R 1-(3-(R)-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 707 R 1-(3-hydroxy-piperidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 708 R 1-(3-(R)-dimethylamino-pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 709 R 1-(4-hydroxy-piperidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 710 R 1-(3-(R)-t-butoxycarbonylamino- 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) pyrrolidinyl) 711 R 1-(4-t-butoxycarbonylamino- 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) piperidinyl) 712 R 1-(3-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 713 R 1-(4-pyrrolidinyl-piperidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 714 R 1-(3-(S)-hydroxy-pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 715 R 1-((3-(S)-ethylamino)pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 716 R 1-(3-(R)-amino-pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 717 R 1-(3-(S)-amino-pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 718 R 1-(4-dimethylamino-piperidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 719 R 1-(3-(R)-methylamino-pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 720 R 1-(3-(S)-methylamino-pyrrolidinyl) 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) 721 R 1-(3-(N-methyl-N-t-butoxycarbonyl- 1-(8-methyl-naphthyl) amino)-pyrrolidinyl)

TABLE 5

      ID#       *       R³       (L¹)_(m)

100 R 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 101 S 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 102 R 4-fluorophenyl CH₂CH₂ phenyl 103 R 4-fluorophenyl absent 4-n-propyl-cyclohexyl 104 Rac phenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 179 R phenyl CH₂CH₂ 2-(2-thienyl)-phenyl 447 R 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl

TABLE 6

      ID#       *       X       R³       (L¹)_(m)

105 R 2-(3,4-dimethoxy 4-fluoro CH₂ cyclooctyl phenyl)-ethyloxy phenyl 106 R 2-(3,4-dimethoxy phenyl CH₂CH₂ 2-(2-thienyl)-phenyl phenyl)-ethyloxy 107 R 3-methylphenylthio phenyl CH₂CH₂ 2-(2-thienyl)-phenyl 108 R 3-methylphenylthio 4-fluoro CH₂ cyclooctyl phenyl 178 S

phenyl CH₂CH₂ 2-(2-thienyl)-phenyl 460 R

4-fluoro phenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl

TABLE 7

ID No. * R¹ R² 110 Rac H 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl 111 S H 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl 112 R H 3-(4-morpholinyl)-n-propyl 113 S H 3-chlorobenzyl 114 S H 2-ethoxybenzyl 116 S H (2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-fur-2-yl)- methyl 117 S n-butyl benzyl 118 S H 2,5-difluorobenzyl 119 S H 2-phenyl-ethyl 120 S H 2-(5-bromo-pyridyl) 121 S H 3-iodobenzyl 122 S H 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 123 S H 3-nitrobenzyl 124 S H 3,4-difluorobenzyl 125 S H 3-bromobenzyl 126 S H 4-chlorobenzyl 127 S H 4-methoxybenzyl 128 S H 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl 129 S H 2-(2-thienyl)ethyl 130 S H 3-methylbenzyl 131 S H 2-methoxybenzyl 132 S H benzyl 133 S H 4-bromobenzyl 134 S H 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzyl 135 S H 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl 136 S benzyl 2-phenylethyl 137 R H 2-bromobenzyl 138 R H 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl 139 R H 4-(N,N-dimethylamino) benzyl 140 R H 4-methylbenzyl 141 R H 2-methylbenzyl 142 R H 2-(6-fluoro-2-indolyl)ethyl 143 R H 3-fluorobenzyl 144 R H 3-methoxybenzyl 145 R H 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl 146 R H 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl 147 R H 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl 148 R H 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl 149 R H t-butyl 150 R H 2-pyridyl-methyl 151 R H 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethyl 152 R H 2-fluorobenzyl 153 R H 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl 154 R H 4-pyridyl 155 R H 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl 156 R H 2-phenyloxy-ethyl 157 R H 1-naphthyl-methyl 158 R H 4-fluorobenzyl 159 R H 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl 161 R H 4-pyridyl-methyl 162 R H 2,4-dichlorobenzyl 163 S H

164 S benzyl benzyl 167 S H 1-(3,4-methylene dioxyphenyl)methyl 168 S benzyl ethoxycarbonylmethyl 169 S H 2-phenyl-cyclopropyl 170 S H 4-methoxycarbonylbenzyl 171 S benzyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl 173 S methyl benzyl 174 S ethyl benzyl 175 R benzyl carboxymethyl 176 R benzyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl 177 R n-butyl benzyl 180 R H 2-phenyl-cyclopropyl 182 R H 4-methoxycarbonylbenzyl 187 R H 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-fur-2- yl)-methyl 189 R H 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl 190 R H 4-biphenyl 191 R benzyl ethoxycarbonylmethyl 192 R H 4-methoxybenzyl 193 S H 2-methylbenzyl 194 S H 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl 197 S H 4-pyridyl 198 S H 2,4-dichlorobenzyl 203 S H 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl 204 R H 4-bromobenzyl 205 R H 3-methylbenzyl 206 R H 2-(2-thienyl)-ethyl 208 S H 3-nitrobenzyl 209 S H 2-bromobenzyl 210 S H 2-(4-imidazolyl)-ethyl 211 S H 2-(phenoxy)-ethyl 215 S H 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl 216 S H

217 S H adamantanyl 218 S H n-propyl 219 S n-propyl n-propyl 220 S benzyl benzyl 224 S H 3-methoxybenzyl 225 S H 3-pyridyl-methyl 227 S H 2,4-difluorobenzyl 228 R H 2-methoxybenzyl 229 S H 3-(phenyl)-n-propyl 230 S benzyl 2-phenylethyl

TABLE 8

      ID #       *       R²       R³       (L¹)_(m)

722 S H 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl

Representative intermediates in the preparation of the compounds of the present invention are as listed in Tables 9 and 10. Wherein Table 9, A is listed as oxarinyl-methyl with no indication of the stereo-configuration, the oxarinyl-methyl group was present as racemate.

TABLE 9

ID # A R³ (L¹)_(m)

500 H 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl 501 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂—CH(CH₃)—CH₂ phenyl 502 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂CH₃ 503 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂CH₂ phenyl 504 H 4-fluorophenyl absent 4-n-propyl- cyclohexyl 505 H 4-fluorophenyl C(O)O-t-butyl 506 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2-naphthyl 507 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-naphthyl 508 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl 521 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 4-quinolinyl 522 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 8-quinolinyl 544 H 4-fluorophenyl absent 1,3,4-trihydro-2- naphthyl 546 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 5-phenyl-2-thienyl 547 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl- naphthyl) 548 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(4-methyl- naphthyl) 549 H 4-fluorophenyl absent 2-hydroxy- cycloheptyl 551 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(2-methyl- naphthyl) 555 H 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 556 H 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl 509 oxiranyl- phenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl methyl 510 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent 4-n-propyl- methyl cyclohexyl 511 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂CH₂ phenyl methyl 512 oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl methyl 513 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 4-chlorophenyl methyl 514 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-naphthyl methyl 516 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl C(O)O-t-butyl absent methyl 517 S-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl C(O)O-t-butyl absent methyl 518 oxiranyl- phenyl CH₂CH₂ 2-(2-thienyl) phenyl methyl 519 S-oxiranyl- phenyl CH₂CH₂ 2-(2-thienyl) phenyl methyl 520 R-oxiranyl- phenyl CH₂CH₂ 2-(2-thienyl) phenyl methyl 540 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl methyl 541 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 5-phenyl-2-thienyl methyl 542 S-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2-naphthyl methyl 543 S-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂CH₃ absent methyl 550 S-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl- methyl naphthyl) 552 methoxy 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl- carbonyl- naphthyl) methyl 553 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl- methyl naphthyl) 554 R-2,3- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl- dihydroxy- naphthyl) n-propyl 564 8-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl methyl 565 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl methyl 566 S-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl methyl 567 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl methyl 568 2R- 4-fluorophenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl hydroxy-3- ethoxy-n- propyl 569 2R- 4-fluorophenyl absent S-1-acenaphthenyl hydroxy-3- ethoxy-n- propyl 570 2S- 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl hydroxy-3- ethoxy-n- propyl 571 2R- 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl hydroxy-3- ethoxy-n- propyl 572 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂

573 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 3-(2H)-chromenyl 576 oxiranyl- phenyl absent 1-acenaphthenyl methyl 578 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2-trifluoromethyl-6- methyl chloro-phenyl 579 3-chloro- 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl 2S- hydroxy-n propyl 580 S-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl methyl 581 H phenyl CH₂CH₂ 2-(2-thienyl)-phenyl 582 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ cyclooctyl 583 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2,3,4,5,6- pentamethyl-phenyl 584 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2,3,4,5,6- methyl pentamethyl-phenyl 723 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent R-1-acenaphthenyl ethyl 725 R-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 2,3,4,5,6- methyl pentamethylphenyl 726 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂

727 R-oxiranyl- methyl 4-fluorophenyl CH₂

728 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-(8-methyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-naphthyl) 729 H 4-fluorophenyl CH(CH₃)

730 H 4-fluorophenyl absent

731 S-oxiranyl- 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl methyl 732 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂

733 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-[8-methoxy)- naphthyl] 734 H 4-fluorophenyl CH₂ 1-[8- hydroxymethyl)- naphthyl] 735 H 4-fluorophenyl absent cyclooctyl

TABLE 10

ID # * R¹ R² W 523 R ethyl 4-methylbenzyl H 524 R H 2-(4-morpholinyl)-ethyl H 525 R t-butyl benzyl H 526 R H 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl H 527 R H 2-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl)- H ethyl 528 R H 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy- H phenyl)-ethyl 529 S ethyl 4-methylbenzyl H 530 S H 2-(4-morpholinyl)-ethyl H 531 S t-butyl benzyl H 532 S H 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl H 533 S H 2-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl)- H ethyl 534 S H 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy- H phenyl)-ethyl 535 S ethyl 4-methylbenzyl t-butoxycarbonyl 536 R ethyl 4-methylbenzyl ethyl 537 R H 2-(4-morpholinyl)-ethyl ethyl 538 R t-butyl benzyl ethyl 539 R H 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl ethyl

Molecular weights for representative compounds of the present invention exemplified in Tables 1-10 above were measured using a Micromass Platform LC-Electrospray Mass Spectrometer, Chemical Ionization Spectrometer HP5989A or Agilent LC/MSD Electrospray Mass Spectrometer with results as listed in Table 11.

TABLE 11 ID# Theor. MW M/e[MH+] 1 559.77 560.8 2 596.78 597.7 3 672.73 673.6 4 540.72 541.7 5 615.63 617.9 6 610.81 611.8 7 572.71 573.3 8 596.78 597.5 9 598.8 599.5 10 580.78 581.5 11 550.76 551.5 12 572.71 573.5 13 602.60 604.3 14 566.76 567.5 15 615.60 617.4 16 672.73 673.5 17 594.85 595.5 18 550.76 551.5 19 588.76 589.5 20 615.63 617.4 21 571.18 571.5 22 596.78 597.5 23 581.73 582.5 24 537.72 538.4 25 596.78 597.2 26 556.79 557.4 27 550.76 552.4 28 540.72 541.5 29 604.73 605.5 30 629.65 630.5 31 605.62 607.3 32 537.72 538.4 33 604.73 605.4 34 566.76 567.5 35 566.76 567.7 36 523.69 523.9 38 610.81 611.5 39 537.72 538.5 40 586.79 587.4 41 550.76 551.4 42 551.75 551.5 43 626.81 627.4 44 615.63 616.4 45 596.78 597.3 46 605.62 607.4 47 587.70 588.3 48 638.70 639.3 49 610.81 611.4 50 539.63 540.3 51 590.74 591.3 52 621.00 622.0 53 569.00 570.0 54 620.88 621.5 55 606.70 607.3 56 620.80 621.3 57 578.81 579.5 58 558.74 559.3 59 592.84 593.4 60 572.77 573.3 61 588.00 589.0 62 602.00 603.0 63 607.28 608.3 64 592.84 593.5 65 640.88 641.5 66 659.81 660.1 67 597.86 598.2 68 649.85 650.1 69 613.86 614.3 70 498.68 499.5 71 716.38 717.4 72 562.77 563.5 73 615.83 616.4 74 622.82 623.2 75 544.75 545.4 76 605.84 606.2 78 649.89 650.2 79 750.01 751.5 100 592.77 593.8 101 620.70 621.3 102 572.70 573.3 103 592.77 593.3 104 602.70 603.0 105 611.79 612.4 106 655.86 656.4 107 597.84 598.4 108 553.78 554.6 110 617.85 618.3 111 617.85 618.3 112 617.85 618.3 113 615.24 615.3 114 624.85 625.3 115 606.83 607.3 116 632.82 633.3 117 636.90 637.4 118 616.78 617.3 119 594.80 595.3 120 646.65 648.2 121 706.68 707.2 122 572.69 573.3 123 625.79 626.3 124 616.77 617.3 125 659.68 661.2 126 615.30 615.3 127 610.82 611.3 128 670.87 671.3 129 600.85 601.2 130 594.82 595.3 131 610.82 611.3 132 580.79 581.2 133 659.69 661.2 134 716.79 717.2 135 624.85 625.3 136 684.94 685.3 137 659.69 661.2 138 673.72 675.3 139 623.86 624.4 140 594.82 595.4 141 594.82 595.4 142 651.85 652.3 143 598.78 599.3 144 610.82 611.3 145 624.85 625.3 146 648.80 649.3 147 584.76 585.3 148 640.85 641.3 149 546.77 547.3 150 581.78 582.3 151 654.87 655.5 152 598.78 599.3 153 648.79 649.3 154 567.75 568.3 155 664.79 665.3 156 610.82 611.3 157 630.85 631.3 158 598.78 599.3 159 648.80 649.3 160 659.89 660.4 161 581.78 582.3 162 649.68 651.1 163 759.11 759.1 164 670.82 671.4 165 659.89 660.5 166 666.88 667.4 167 624.80 625.4 168 666.88 667.4 169 606.83 607.5 170 638.83 639.4 171 651.92 653.0 173 594.80 595.8 174 608.85 609.9 175 638.83 639.6 176 651.92 652.9 177 636.90 637.6 178 694.91 695.8 179 636.90 637.6 180 606.83 607.9 181 666.88 667.8 182 638.83 639.8 183 544.76 545.7 187 632.82 633.9 188 630.85 631.9 189 640.85 641.9 190 642.86 643.8 191 666.88 667.8 192 610.82 611.9 193 594.82 595.8 194 640.85 641.9 197 567.75 568.8 198 649.68 651.6 203 640.85 641.7 204 659.69 662.0 205 594.82 595.9 206 600.85 601.7 208 625.79 626.8 209 659.69 661.2 210 584.79 585.8 211 610.82 611.8 215 640.85 641.7 216 759.11 759.7 217 638.92 639.8 218 532.75 533.6 219 574.83 575.9 220 670.92 671.7 224 610.82 611.8 225 581.78 582.7 227 616.78 617.7 228 610.82 611.8 229 608.85 609.7 230 684.94 685.7 250 608.79 609.3 251 575.72 576.3 252 594.76 595.3 253 626.76 627.3 254 610.72 611.2 255 671.76 672.3 256 640.79 641.4 257 638.77 639.3 258 594.76 595.3 259 575.72 576.3 260 608.79 609.3 261 626.76 627.3 262 610.72 611.2 263 640.78 641.4 264 579.15 579.3 265 560.10 560.2 266 593.17 593.3 267 611.15 691.2 268 595.10 595.2 269 656.14 656.2 270 625.17 625.3 271 622.72 623.2 275 652.80 653.4 276 683.79 684.3 279 650.88 651.3 280 628.88 629.2 281 566.77 567.5 282 743.95 744.1 283 565.75 566.4 284 605.85 605.9 285 604.86 605.3 289 634.89 635.3 290 648.91 649.2 291 662.94 663.3 292 658.84 659.2 293 607.80 608.3 294 626.84 627.3 295 634.82 635.4 296 650.80 651.3 298 587.74 588.3 299 620.82 621.4 300 638.79 639.3 305 652.82 653.3 307 624.76 625.3 308 609.71 610.3 309 619.79 620.3 310 626.78 627.3 311 554.67 555.4 312 690.61 691.2 313 668.86 669.3 314 600.69 601.3 315 643.61 643.6 316 599.15 599.2 317 594.74 595.3 318 594.74 595.3 319 700.71 701.2 320 654.79 655.3 321 582.70 583.3 322 594.74 595.3 323 608.76 609.3 324 624.76 625.3 325 578.74 579.3 326 592.76 593.4 327 551.67 552.3 328 648.71 649.3 329 594.74 595.3 330 578.74 579.0 331 624.76 625.3 332 633.82 634.3 333 687.79 688.3 334 625.84 626.4 335 677.83 678.3 336 641.84 642.5 337 744.36 744.3 338 643.90 644.4 339 652.82 653.4 340 652.82 653.4 341 578.74 579.3 342 600.69 601.3 343 633.60 633.2 344 632.71 634.0 345 564.71 565.3 346 582.70 583.3 347 632.71 634.0 348 622.75 623.2 349 624.76 625.3 350 599.15 599.2 351 608.76 609.3 352 643.10 643.2 353 578.74 579.3 354 584.72 583.3 355 643.61 645.2 356 608.72 609.0 358 600.69 601.0 360 614.77 615.0 362 654.84 655.3 364 593.75 594.2 365 657.63 659.2 366 565.70 566.2 367 654.79 655.3 368 633.60 635.2 370 609.71 610.3 371 614.77 615.3 372 584.76 595.3 373 632.71 633.3 374 743.03 743.6 375 579.72 580.3 376 565.70 566.2 377 650.80 651.3 378 551.67 552.2 379 551.67 552.2 380 581.70 582.2 381 551.67 552.3 382 525.63 526.2 383 565.70 566.2 385 640.81 641.4 386 640.81 641.4 387 589.76 590.4 388 652.82 653.4 389 622.83 623.4 390 624.76 625.3 391 654.83 655.3 392 596.75 597.3 393 553.69 554.2 394 608.81 609.4 395 622.83 623.4 396 589.76 590.4 398 596.75 597.3 399 654.83 655.3 418 624.76 625.3 419 551.67 552.3 420 474.58 475.2 421 551.67 552.3 422 476.6 477.3 423 502.64 503.3 424 474.58 475.2 425 488.61 489.3 426 474.58 475.2 427 488.61 489.3 428 502.64 503.3 429 516.66 517.3 430 474.58 475.2 431 488.61 489.3 432 502.64 503.3 433 516.66 517.3 434 516.66 517.3 435 502.64 503.3 436 516.66 517.3 437 488.61 489.3 438 476.6 477.3 439 504.65 505.4 440 518.68 519.3 441 504.65 505.4 442 518.68 519.3 443 504.61 505.2 444 518.64 519.3 445 650.80 651.3 446 622.75 623.2 447 592.78 593.4 448 594.74 595.3 451 743.95 744.1 452 580.75 581.5 453 446.61 447.9 454 502.72 503.2 455 701.95 702.0 456 661.19 662.5 457 693.19 694.0 458 591.05 592.0 459 676.20 677.4 460 564.77 565.2 461 683.79 684.3 462 606.79 607.3 463 580.71 581.3 464 593.75 594.3 465 542.70 543.3 500 401.49 402.2 501 367.47 368.2 502 277.34 278.2 503 353.44 354.2 504 373.52 374.2 505 349.41 372.0 506 389.48 390.1 507 389.48 390.1 508 373.86 374.1 509 439.56 440.2 510 409.51 410.2 511 429.58 430.3 512 457.55 458.3 513 429.93 430.2 514 445.54 446.3 516 405.47 428.3 517 405.47 428.3 518 473.65 474.1 519 473.65 474.1 520 473.65 474.1 521 390.45 391.2 522 390.45 391.0 523 454.58 455.0 524 435.54 436.0 525 468.61 469.0 526 486.58 487.0 527 470.54 471.0 528 531.58 532.0 529 454.48 544.0 530 435.54 436.0 531 468.61 469.0 532 486.58 488.0 533 470.54 471.0 534 531.58 532.0 535 554.70 555.3 536 482.65 483.3 537 463.60 464.3 538 496.67 497.4 539 514.65 515.2 540 429.58 430.5 541 477.61 478.2 542 445.54 446.3 543 333.41 334.2 544 379.48 380.2 546 421.54 422.1 547 403.50 404.2 548 403.50 404.2 549 361.46 362.3 550 459.57 460.2 551 403.50 404.2 552 475.57 476.2 553 459.57 460.2 554 477.58 478.2 555 401.49 402.1 556 401.49 402.1 564 457.55 458.3 565 457.55 458.3 566 457.55 458.3 567 457.55 548.3 568 503.62 504.3 569 503.62 504.3 570 503.62 504.3 571 503.62 504.3 572 411.48 412.2 573 393.47 394.2 576 439.56 458.3 578 497.92 498.9 579 494.01 494.2 581 417.58 418.1 582 373.52 374.1 583 409.55 410.5 584 465.62 466.1 600 550.68 551.7 601 693.87 694.9 602 568.67 569.7 603 610.74 611.7 604 564.71 565.7 605 593.75 594.8 606 514.65 515.7 607 696.76 697.8 608 625.59 626.6 609 639.62 640.6 610 717.82 718.8 611 565.7 566.7 612 565.7 566.7 613 565.7 566.7 614 570.73 571.7 615 692.76 693.8 616 432.59 433.6 617 509.67 510.7 618 533.7 534.7 619 456.61 457.6 620 446.61 447.6 621 523.7 524.7 622 692.76 693.8 623 432.59 433.6 624 488.69 489.7 625 567.71 568.7 626 701.03 702.0 627 509.67 510.7 628 580.75 581.8 629 526.7 527.7 630 658.86 659.9 631 576.72 577.7 632 496.65 497.7 633 531.76 532.8 634 504.69 505.7 635 504.69 505.7 636 531.76 532.8 637 532.66 533.7 638 559.73 560.7 639 532.73 533.7 640 474.65 475.7 641 546.69 547.7 642 532.66 533.7 643 532.66 533.7 644 546.69 547.7 645 690.74 691.7 646 690.74 691.7 647 559.73 560.7 648 490.63 491.6 649 534.68 535.7 650 548.71 549.7 651 534.68 535.7 652 235.13 236.1 653 430.5 431.5 654 545.71 546.7 655 547.72 548.7 656 547.72 548.7 657 517.74 518.7 658 545.77 546.8 659 474.65 475.7 660 490.63 491.6 661 533.7 534.7 662 631.8 632.8 663 578.74 579.7 664 529.75 530.8 665 633.81 634.8 666 561.75 562.8 667 633.80 634.2 668 578.74 579.7 669 564.71 565.7 670 724.73 725.7 671 694.74 695.7 672 742.79 743.8 673 726.74 727.7 674 709.76 710.8 675 610.82 611.8 676 578.82 579.8 677 602.84 603.8 678 564.74 565.7 679 645.82 646.8 680 647.84 648.8 681 547.72 548.7 682 664.67 665.7 683 761.71 762.7 684 688.69 689.7 685 600.58 601.6 686 715.76 716.8 687 688.66 689.7 688 578.73 579.7 689 608.8 609.8 690 702.36 703.4 691 544.68 545.7 692 528.68 529.7 693 614.77 615.8 694 618.8 619.8 695 572.73 573.7 696 614.77 615.8 697 542.7 543.7 698 528.68 529.7 699 570.76 571.8 700 618.8 619.8 701 614.77 615.8 702 572.73 573.7 703 570.76 571.8 704 530.69 531.7 705 530.69 531.7 706 546.69 547.7 707 560.72 561.7 708 573.76 574.8 709 560.72 561.7 710 645.82 646.8 711 659.85 660.9 712 546.69 547.7 713 613.83 614.8 714 546.60 647.7 715 573.76 574.8 716 545.71 546.7 717 545.71 546.7 718 587.79 588.8 719 559.73 560.7 720 559.73 560.7 721 659.85 660.9 722 488.61 489.6 723 471.58 472.6 725 465.62 466.6 726 383.51 384.5 727 439.58 440.6 728 407.54 408.5 729 423.56 424.6 730 385.51 386.5 731 415.56 416.6 732 385.53 386.4 733 433.53 434.5 734 419.5 420.5 735 359.49 360.5

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of this invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Preferably these compositions are in unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, metered aerosol or liquid sprays, drops, ampoules, autoinjector devices or suppositories; for oral parenteral, intranasal, sublingual or rectal administration, or for administration by inhalation or insufflation. Alternatively, the composition may be presented in a form suitable for once-weekly or once-monthly administration; for example, an insoluble salt of the active compound, such as the decanoate salt, may be adapted to provide a depot preparation for intramuscular injection. For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g. conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g. water, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation composition is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from 5 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention. The tablets or pills of the novel composition can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.

The liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include, aqueous solutions, suitably flavoured syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavoured emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. Suitable dispersing or suspending agents for aqueous suspensions, include synthetic and natural gums such as tragacanth, acacia, alginate, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or gelatin.

The method of treating disorders mediated by the ORL-1 receptor described in the present invention may also be carried out using a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compounds as defined herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may contain between about 1 mg and 1000 mg, preferably about 10 to 500 mg, of the compound, and may be constituted into any form suitable for the mode of administration selected. Carriers include necessary and inert pharmaceutical excipients, including, but not limited to, binders, suspending agents, lubricants, flavorants, sweeteners, preservatives, dyes, and coatings. Compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, tablets, caplets, capsules (each including immediate release, timed release and sustained release formulations), granules, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixers, emulsions, and suspensions. Forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions and suspensions.

Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.

For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include, without limitation, starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.

The liquid forms may include suitably flavored suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl-cellulose and the like. For parenteral administration, sterile suspensions and solutions are desired. Isotonic preparations which generally contain suitable preservatives are employed when intravenous administration is desired.

The compound of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phophatidylcholines.

The compound of the present invention can also be administered via transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.

Compounds of the present invention may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamidephenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyl-eneoxidepolylysine substituted with palmitoyl residue. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.

Compounds of this invention may be administered in any of the foregoing compositions and according to dosage regimens established in the art whenever treatment of disorders mediated by the ORL-1 receptor is required.

The daily dosage of the products may be varied over a wide range from 1 to 1,000 mg per adult human per day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 250 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. An effective amount of the drug is ordinarily supplied at a dosage level of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg of body weight per day. Preferably, the range is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of body weight per day, and especially from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of body weight per day. The compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day.

Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound used, the mode of administration, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. In addition, factors associated with the particular patient being treated, including patient age, weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need to adjust dosages.

The following Examples are set forth to aid in the understanding of the invention, and are not intended and should not be construed to limit in any way the invention set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.

EXAMPLE 1 2-Thienylphenyl-2-ethanol

3-Bromophenethyl alcohol (4 ml, 29.8 mmol) was dissolved in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (225 mL) and mixed with tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium[0] (2.6 g, 2.25 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then added to a solution of 2-thienyl-boronic acid (12.6 g, 99 mmol) and 1N NaHCO₃ (90 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux under nitrogen atmosphere for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄, filtered through a plug of silica and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (30% EtOAc/hexane) to yield the title compounds as an oil.

MS (chemical ionization)=221 (M+NH₄)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.3 (t, 1H), 3.0 (t, 2H), 3.75 (q, 2H), 7.0-7.4 (m, 7H)

EXAMPLE 2 Methane sulfonic acid 2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl ester

2-Thienylphenylethanol (13.6 mmol) and triethylamine (2.4 mL, 17.1 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL). Methanesulfonylchloride (1.1 mL, 14 mmol) was then added slowly. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was carefully partitioned with water and dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compounds, which was used without further purification.

MS (chemical ionization)=300 (M+NH₄), 283 (MH+), 187,

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.8 (s, 3H), 3.2 (t, 2H), 4.3 (t, 2H), 7.0 (m. 1H), 7.1 (m, 1H), 7.2-7.5 (m, 5H)

EXAMPLE 3 1-Phenyl-8-[2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #581

Methane sulfonic acid 2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl ester (23.14 mmol) was combined in NMP (100 mL) with 1-phenyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (5.08 g, 22 mmol) and DIPEA (5.11 mL, 27.8 mmol) in a reaction tube which was sealed and heated to 70° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5% methanol/CH₂Cl₂) to yield the title compound as a solid.

MS (electrospray)=418.1 (MH+), 313.0

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.5 (d, 2H), 2.4 (m, 4H), 2.6 (m, 4H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 6.7-6.8 (m, 3H), 7.1-7.4 (m, 8H), 7.6 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H)

EXAMPLE 4 (R)-3-Oxiranylmethyl-1-phenyl-8-[2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,38-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #520

1-Phenyl-8-[2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.7 g, 1.68 mmol) was dissolved in NMP (50 mL). To the mixture was then added sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 0.1, 2.52 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred for 1 hour. S-(+)-epichlorohydrin (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) was then added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was partitioned with saturated sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was then partitioned with water. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (80% EtOAc/hex) to yield the title compound as an oil.

MS (electrospray)=474.1 (MH+)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ1.6 (t, 2H), 2.5-3.0 (m, 12H), 3.1-3.2 (m, 2H), 4.05 (d, 1H), 4.7 (d, 1H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 6.8 (m, 2H), 7.0 (m, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 9H).

EXAMPLE 5 3-[2-(S)-Hydroxy-3-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propylamino)-propyl]-1-phenyl-8-[2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #111

3-(R)-Oxiranylmethyl-1-phenyl-8-[2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.1 g, 0.21 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (2 mL), mixed with 3-aminopropyl morpholino (90 μl, 0.63 mmol) and heated to 70° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (AcCN/water) to yield the title compounds as a trifluoroacetate salt, as a solid.

MS (electrospray)=618.3 (MH+)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.0 (d, 2H), 2.2 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.88 (m, 2H), 3.0-4.3 (m, 23H), 4.8-5.05 (m, 6H), 6.8-7.5 (m, 12H).

EXAMPLE 6 (S)-3-Oxiranylmethyl-1-phenyl-8-[2-(2-thienyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #519

1-Phenyl-8-[2-(2-thienyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.13 g, 0.3 mmol) was dissolved in NMP (10 mL). To the mixture was then added sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 31 mg, 0.8 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred for 1 hour. R-(−)-epichlorohydrin 927 μL, 0.35 mmol) was then added to the reaction mixture, which was then stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was partitioned with saturated sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was then partitioned with water. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (80% EtOAc/hexanes) to yield the title compound as an oil.

MS (electrospray)=474.1 (MH+)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.65 (t, 2H), 2.0 (q, 1H), 2.4 (t, 1H), 2.5-3.0 (m, 11H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.3 (t, 1H), 4.0 (d, 1H), 4.7 (d, 1H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 6.9 (m, 2H), 7.0 (m, 1h), 7.15-7.4 (m, 9H).

EXAMPLE 7 3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propylamino)-propyl]-1-phenyl-8-[2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #112

3-(S)-Oxiranylmethyl-1-phenyl-8-[2-(2-thien-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.13 g, 0.27 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (2 mL), mixed with 3-aminopropylmorpholino (100 μL, 0.68 mmol) and heated with stirring at 70° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (Acetonitrile/water) to yield the title compound as a trifluoroacetate salt as a solid.

MS (electrospray)=618.3 (MH+)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.0 (d, 2H), 2.2 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.9 (m, 2H), 3.0-4.3 (m, 23H), 4.8-5.05 (m, 6H), 6.8-7.5 (m, 12H).

EXAMPLE 8 1-bromo-acenaphthene

Acenaphthen-1-ol (88 mol) was dissolved in diethyl ether (150 mL) and cooled down to 0° C. Phosphorous tribromide (3.2 mL, 35 mmol) was then added slowly under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature and cooled to 0° C. The reaction mixture was partitioned with water and diethyl ether. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 9 8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound # 500

1-Bromo-acenaphthene (20.5 g, 87.9 mmol) and 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (9.15 g, 36.6 mmol) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (190 mL). Potassium carbonate (15.15 g, 110 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned with water and diethyl ether. The title compound precipitated from the organic layer as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68-7.66 91H, m), 7.60 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.53-7.49 (2H, m), 7.43 (1H, t, J=8.1 Hz), 7.26 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 7.04-6.94 (4H, m), 6.67 (1H, br, s), 4.95 (1H, br, s), 4.66-4.63 (2H, m), 3.51 (1H, d), 3.34 (1H, dd J=7.6 and 17.5 Hz), 3.13-2.94 (2H, m), 2.83 (1H, br, s), 2.43 (1H, br, a), 2.24 (1H, m), 1.80-1.66 (3H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 402.1 (M+H)⁺

Chiral resolution: The racemate prepared as described above was resolved using a CHIRALCEL OD-H column with methanol as mobile phase and generated the two pure enantiomers R(RT=6.174 minutes, ee>99%) and S(RT=10.175 minutes, ee>99%).

EXAMPLE 10 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-(2-hydroxy-cycloheptyl)-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #549

1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.15 g, 0.6 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (1 mL) and 1,2-dichloromethane (0.25 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then added slowly at 0° C. to 1.9M triethyl aluminum in toluene (0.315 mL, 0.6 mmol). After stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature, to the reaction mixture was added slowly a solution of 8-oxa-bicyclo[5.1.0]octane (68 mg, 0.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (16 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere for 13 days and then partitioned with 1N NaOH and DCM. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (2% methanol/DCM) to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.05-6.88 (4H, m), 4.69 (s, 2H), 3.44-3.31 (2H, m), 2.96-2.88 (1H, m), 2.73-2.69 (1H, m), 2.56-2.53 (1H, m), 2.42-2.17 (3H, m), 2.11-2.02 (1H, m), 1.94-1.87 (1H, m), 1.78 (1H, d), 1.72-1.19 (11H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 362.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 11 (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #556

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (1.5 g, 3.736 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (10.0 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 0.195 g, 4.856 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 40 minutes and then warmed to room temperature. To the reaction mixture was then added (S)-epichlorhydrin (0.87 mL, 11.208 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours and partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (1.5% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.70-7.65 (1H, m), 7.60 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.54-7.49 (2H, m), 7.44 (1H, t), 7.26 (1H, d), 7.05-6.93 (4H, m), 4.95 (1H, dd, J=3.4 and 7.8 Hz), 4.77-4.74 (1H, m), 4.66-4.64 (1H, m), 4.0 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 3.56-3.32 (2H, m), 3.21-3.03 (4H, m), 2.83-2.80 (2H, m), 2.59-2.55 (1H, m), 2.46-2.30 (2H, m), 2.27-2.21 (1H, m), 1.77-1.60 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 458.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 12 (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-methyl-amino}-(R)-2-hydroxy-Propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #339

8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (1.5 g, 3.28 mmol), [2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-methyl-amine hydrochloride (2.3 g, 9.92 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (5 mL, 28.7 mmol) were dissolved in ethanol (40 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 18 hours, then cooled to room temperature and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield an oil. The oil was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (2% [methanol in ammonia 2.0M]/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

Chiral resolution: Diastereoisomers were separated using a CHIRALCEL OD-H column with methanol as mobile phase and generated the two pure diastereoisomers R, R and R, S.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.69-7.65 (1H, m), 7.60 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.54-7.50 (2H, m), 7.44 (1H, t), 7.27-7.25 (1H, m), 7.04-6.92 (4H, m), 6.77-6.64 (3H, m), 4.97-4.94 (1H, m), 4.79-4.71 (2H, m), 3.82 (3H, s), 3.81 (3H, s), 3.58-3.51 (3H, m), 3.38-3.02 (5H, m), 2.84-2.80 (1H, m), 2.77-2.53 (4H, m), 2.49-2.26 (7H, m), 1.76-1.59 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 653.4 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 13 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #507

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (1.0 g, 4.01 mmol) and naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde (0.75 g, 4.81 mmol) were dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (60 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.27 g, 6.01 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then partitioned with 1N NaOH and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (3% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.39-8.36 (1H, m), 7.87-7.75 (2H, m), 7.56-7.37 (4H, m), 6.99-6.85 (4H, m), 4.67 (2H, s), 3.97 (2H, s), 2.91-2.83 (4H, m), 2.42-2.31 (2H, m), 1.75-1.71 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 390.1 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 14 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl-(R)-3-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #514

(R)-1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.218 g, 0.559 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (2.2 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 30 mg, 0.727 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 40 minutes. To the reaction mixture was then added (S)-epichlorhydrin (0.13 mL, 1.679 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours and partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (2% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.38-8.35 (1H, m), 7.87-7.75 (2H, m), 7.56-7.37 (4H, m), 6.99-6.86 (4H, m), 4.78-4.65 (2H, m), 4.08-3.97 (3H, m), 3.21-3.12 (2H, m), 2.95-2.82 (5H, m), 2.61-2.59 (1H, m), 2.40-2.30 (2H, m), 1.72-1.59 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 446.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 15 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(5-phenyl-thien-2-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #546

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.15 g, 0.601 mmol) and 5-phenyl-thienyl-2-carbaldehyde (0.136 g, 0.722 mmol) were dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (12 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.192 g, 0.902 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned with 1N NaOH and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (2% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.59-7.56 (2H, m), 7.38-7.33 (2H, m), 7.27-7.22 (1H, m), 7.18-7.13 (1H, m), 7.05-6.92 (4H, m), 6.87 (1H, d, J=3.6 Hz), 6.26 (1H, br s), 4.67 (2H, s), 3.75 (2H, s), 2.87-2.78 (4H, m), 2.40-2.30 (2H, m), 1.76 (2H, d, J=14.1 Hz)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 422.1 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 16 (R)-1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-oxiranylmethyl-8-(5-phenyl-thien-2-yl-methyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #541

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(5-phenyl-thien-2-yl-methyl)-1,3,8-triaza spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.105 g, 0.249 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (2.5 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 13 mg, 0.323 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 40 minutes. To the reaction mixture was then added (S)-epichlorhydrin (0.058 mL, 0.747 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours and partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (2% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.59-7.55 (2H, m), 7.38-7.33 (2H, m), 7.27-7.22 (1H, m), 7.14 (1H, d, J=3.6 Hz), 7.05-6.92 (4H, m), 6.87 (1H, d, J=3.5 Hz), 4.77 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 4.66 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 4.06-3.99 (1H, m), 3.76 (2H, s), 3.20-3.13 (2H, m), 2.95-2.82 (3H, m), 2.60-2.58 (1H, m), 2.38-2.30 (2H, m), 1.75-1.67 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 478.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 17 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(4-propyl-cyclohexyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #504

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.25 g, 1.00 mmol) was dissolved in dry toluene (10 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added 4-propyl-cyclohexanone (0.14 g, 1.00 mmol), powder molecular sieve 4A (0.5 g) and the reaction mixture was refluxing for 18 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite. The Celite cake was washed with dry dichloromethane and the combined filtrate evaporated in vacuo to dryness. The residue was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) and dry methanol (0.5 mL). To the solution was then added sodium cyanoborohydride (21 mg), the pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 4 with a few drops of glacial acetic acid and the reaction mixture was stirred for 48 hours at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was partitioned with 1N NaOH and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (gradient 2-4% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.02-6.93 (4H, m), 6.54 (1H, br d, J=9.1 Hz), 4.67 (2H, s), 3.05-2.70 (4H, m), 2.38-2.15 (3H, m), 1.9-1.11 (15H, m), 0.94-0.84 (3H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 374.0 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 18 1-Bromomethyl-8-methyl-naphthalene

1,8-Dimethyl-naphthalene (1.30 g, 8.32 mmol) was dissolved in dry carbon tetrachloride (80 mL). To the reaction mixture was added N-bromosuccinimide (1.39 g, 7.82 mmol), dibenzoyl peroxide (6 mg, catalyst) and the reaction mixture was refluxing for 6 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, a precipitate formed on cooling and the precipitate was separated by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a solid which was used in further steps without additional purification.

EXAMPLE 19 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]-decan-4-one Compound #547

1-Bromomethyl-8-methyl-naphthalene (1.72 g, 7.31 mmol) and 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (1.29 g, 5.17 mmol) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL). Potassium carbonate (2.4 g, 15.52 mmol) and potassium iodide (0.02 g) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 30° C. under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude solid. The crude solid was recrystallized from diethyl ether to yield the title compound as a solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.79-7.76 (1H, m), 7.72-7.69 (1H, m), 7.39-7.30 (4H, m), 6.98-6.92 (2H, m), 6.87-6.82 (2H, m), 6.24 (1H, br s), 4.66 (2H, s), 4.01 (2H, s), 3.12 (3H, s), 2.86-2.78 (4H, m), 2.33-2.23 (2H, m), 1.72 (2H, d, J=14.1 Hz)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 404.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 20 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(R)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #553

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]-decan-4-one (0.91 g, 2.25 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (10.5 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 117 mg, 2.93 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour, then warmed to room temperature. To the reaction mixture was then added (S)-epichlorhydrin (0.53 mL, 6.76 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours and partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (2.5% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.39-7.30 (4H, m), 6.99-6.92 (2H, m), 6.88-6.83 (2H, m), 4.76 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 4.64 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 4.0 (2H, s), 3.21-3.11 (6H, m), 2.86-2.78 (5H, m), 2.60-2.58 (1H, m), 2.30-2.22 (2H, m), 1.70-1.62 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 460.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 21 3-{3-[8-Acenaphthen-1-VI-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-2-(R)-hydroxy-propylsulfanyl}-2-acetylamino-(R)-propionic acid Compound #100

8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.022 g, 0.048 mmol) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (0.03 g, 0.184 mmol) were dissolved in ethanol (1 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 18 hours, then cooled to room temperature and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield an oil. The oil was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via preparative TLC plate (10% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as an oil.

EXAMPLE 22 8-Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compounds #582

Cyclooctanecarbaldehyde (0.676 g, 4.8 mmol) synthesized according to the procedure described in Kawamoto, H. et. al. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 981-986 was reacted with 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (1 g, 4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (anhydrous, 100 mL), with the addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.2 g, 6 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was then stirred overnight at room temperature. The organic layer was partitioned with 1N sodium hydroxide, water and brine. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate and filtered to yield a clear residue. Purification of the residue by flash chromatography yielded the title compound as a white powder.

MS (electrospray)=374.1 (MH+)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.1-1.9 (m, 15H), 2.1 (d, 2H), 2.2-2.4 (m, 2H), 2.7 (d, 4H), 3.3 (d, 2H), 4.7 (s, 2H), 6.4 (s, 1H), 6.8-7.0 (m, 4H).

EXAMPLE 23 8-Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-(R)-3-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #540

8-Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (4, 3 g, 8 mmol) was dissolved with NMP(150 mL) and stirred at 0° C. Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.75 g, 18.7 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture which was then stirred an additional 30 minutes at 0° C. S-(+)-epichlorohydrin (1.88 ml, 24 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was then partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic was dried with sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was evaporated to yield the title compound as an oil.

MS (electrospray)=430.5 (MH+)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.1-1.9 (m, 17H), 2.15 (d, 2H), 2.2-2.4 (m, 2H), 2.5-2.85 (m, 4H), 3.1 (m, 2H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.65 (d, 1H), 4.75 (d, 1H), 6.8-7.0 (m, 4H)

EXAMPLE 24 3-[3-(Benzyl-butyl-amino)-2-(S)-hydroxy-propyl]-8-cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #64

Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (3.4 g, 8 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (75 mL), mixed with N-butylbenzylamine (3.1 mL, 17.6 mmol) and heated at reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by column chromatography (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to yield the free base as an oil. The oil (2.2 g, 3.7 mmol) was dissolved in diethyl ether (10 mL) and reacted with HCl (11 mL, [1M in diethylether]) at 0° C. He resulting crystals were collected by filtration and recrystallized with eethanol to yield 1 g the title compound white powder.

MS (electrospray)=593.5 (MH+), 592.6

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.1 (m, 3H), 1.3-1.9 (m, 15H), 2.1 (m, 2H), 2.4 (m, 2H), 2.9-3.6 (m, 14H), 3.65-3.8 (m, 2H), 4.2 (m, 1H), 4.3-4.3 (m, 3H), 4.8 (m, 2H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 4H), 7.4-7.7 (m, 5H)

EXAMPLE 25 8-Cyclooctylmethyl-3-{3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethoxy]-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl}-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #105

3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylalcohol was dissolved in NMP (2 mL) and stirred for 30 min. NaH (60% dipersion in oil) was added and the mixture was stirred for thirty minutes. 8-Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.2 g, 0.46 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was partitioned with saturated NaHCO₃ solution and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield crude product. Purification by reverse phase chromatography (AcCN/water) yielded the title compound as a trifluoroacetate salt as a solid.

MS (electrospray)=612.1 (MH+), 522.0, 402.2

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.3-1.8 (m, 14H), 2.0-2.1 (m, 4H), 2.2-2.4 (m, 2H), 2.8 (t, 2H), 3.0 (d, 2H), 3.35-3.8 (m, 13H), 3.9 (m, 4H), 4.7 (m, 2H), 6.8 (m, 3H), 7.1 (m, 4H)

EXAMPLE 26 2-Acetylamino-3-{3-[8-cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-2-(R)-hydroxy-propylsulfanyl}-propionic acid Compound #100

1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3R-oxarinyl-methyl-8-cyclooctylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.06 g, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (1 mL), mixed with N-acetylcysteine (68 mg, 0.42 mmol) and heated to 70° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (AcCN/water) to yield the title compounds as a trifluoroacetate salt as a solid.

MS (electrospray)=593.8 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 27 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-pentamethylphenylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #583

Pentamethylbenzaldehyde (4 g, 23 mmol, commercially available) was reacted with 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (5.5 g, 20 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (anhydrous, 250 mL), with addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (8.2 g, 42 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was then stirred overnight at room temperature. The organic layer was partitioned with 1N sodium hydroxide, water and brine. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate and filtered to yield the title compound as a white powder.

MS (electrospray)=410.5 (MH+), 250.0

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.6 (d, 2H), 2.2-2.3 (m, 17H), 2.6-2.8 (m, 4H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 4.5 (s, 2H), 6.8 (m, 2H), 7.1 (t, 2H), 8.65 (s, 1H.

EXAMPLE 28 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3R-oxiranylmethyl-8-pentamethylphenylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #584

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-pentamethylphenylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.6 g, 1.46 mmol) was dissolved with NMP (5 mL) and stirred at room temperature. Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.11 g, 1.6 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred an additional 30 minutes. S-(+)-epichlorohydrin (0.3 ml, 3.2 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was then partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic was dried with sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was evaporated to yield the title compounds as an oil.

MS (electrospray)=466.1 (MH+)

EXAMPLE 29 3-[3-(Benzyl-butyl-amino)-2-(S)-hydroxy-propyl]-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-pentamethylphenylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #280

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3R-oxiranylmethyl-8-pentamethylphenylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.1 g, 0.21 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (75 mL), mixed with N-butylbenzylamine (0.1 mL, 0.6 mmol) and heated at reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (AcCN/water) to yield the title compound as an oil.

MS (electrospray)=629.2 (MH+), 468.9, 315.3, 311.9, 161.1

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.0 (m, 3H), 1.3 (m, 2H), 1.8 (m, 2H), 1.9 (m, 2H), 2.25 (d, 9H), 2.3 (s, 6H), 3.2 (m, 3H), 3.4 (m, 4H), 3.9 (m, 3H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.4 (m, 4H), 4.8 (m, 2H), 7.0 (m, 3H), 7.5 (m, 9H).

EXAMPLE 30 8-(2-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3R-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #578

8-(2-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.3 g, 0.68 mmol) was dissolved with NMP (20 mL) and stirred at room temperature. Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.066 g, 0.95 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred an additional 30 minutes. S-(+)-epichlorohydrin (0.14 ml, 1.5 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was then partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic was dried with sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was evaporated to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.6 (m, 2H), 2.3 (m, 2H), 2.7 (m, 2H), 2.9 (bt, 2H), 3.1 (m, 1H), 3.8 (s, 2H), 4.0 (d, 1H), 4.6 (d, 1H), 4.8 (d, 2H), 6.8 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.2 (t, 1H), 7.6 (t, 2H).

EXAMPLE 31 3-[3-(Benzyl-butyl-amino)-2-(S)-hydroxy-Propyl]-8-(2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,38-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #456)

8-(2-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.05 g, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (0.5 mL), mixed with N-butylbenzylamine (0.05 mL, 0.4 mmol) and heated at reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by reverse column chromatography (AcCN/water) to yield the title compound as an oil.

MS (electrospray)=661.0 (MH+), 571.1, 331.4

EXAMPLE 32 {1-[{3-[8-Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-2-(S)-hydroxy-propyl}-(4-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2-methyl-propyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester Compound #79

8-Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-methyl-benzylamino)-propyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.05 g, 0.091 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL), mixed with BocD-Valine (0.02 g, 0.091 mmol), HBTU (0.035 g, 0.09 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was partitioned with saturated NaHCO₃ and ethyl acetate. The organic layer dried with MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound as an oil.

MS (electrospray)=751.5 (MH+), 749.8, 373.6, 372.8, 203.1, 171.1

EXAMPLE 33 8-Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(S)-hydroxy-3-(pyridin-4-ylamino)-propyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #36

Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.5 g, 1.16 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (1 mL), mixed with 4-Aminopyridine (0.5 mL, 5.3 mmol) and heated at reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (Acetonitrile/water) to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.35 (m, 2H), 1.5-1.7 (m, 13H), 1.9 (s, 9H), 1.95 (m, 1H), 2.4 (m, 2H), 3.1 (d, 2H), 3.2 (m, 2H), 3.4 (m, 2H), 3.55 (d, 2H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.3 (m, 1H), 6.8 (d, 2H), 7.1 (m, 4H), 8.1 (d, 2H).

EXAMPLE 34 3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #438

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.06 g, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (2 mL) and methyl alcohol (0.4 mL). To the solution was then added concentrated ammonium hydroxide (1 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for two hours in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.77-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.37-7.30 (4H, m), 6.97-6.91 (2H, m), 6.87-6.83 (2H, m), 4.74 (2H, s), 4.0 (2H, s), 3.79-3.74 (1H, m), 3.57-3.52 (1H, m), 3.41-3.36 (1H, m), 3.11 (3H, s), 2.91-2.74 (4H, m), 2.66-2.61 (1H, m), 2.30-2.23 (2H, m), 1.66 (2H, d, J=13.7 Hz)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 477.1 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 35 (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-amino-2-hydroxy-(S)-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #424

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R) oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.514 g, 1.123 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (16 mL). To the solution was then added concentrated ammonium hydroxide (8 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for two hours and a half in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.68-7.65 (1H, m), 7.60 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.52-7.49 (2H, m), 7.43 (1H, t), 7.26 (1H, d), 7.03-6.94 (4H, m), 4.97-4.94 (1H, m), 4.76-4.72 (2H, m), 3.74 (1H, br s), 3.55-3.48 (2H, m), 3.38-3.32 (2H, m), 3.16-3.03 (2H, m), 2.88-2.82 (2H, m), 2.59 (1H, br s), 2.44-2.41 (2H, m), 2.31-2.24 (1H, m), 1.76-1.62 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 475.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 36 (R) 8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-3-methylamino-(S)-propyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #437

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R) oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.045 g, 0.098 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (2 mL). To the solution was then added a solution of 2.0M methylamine in THF (1 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for two hours and a half in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.68-7.64 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.53-7.49 (2H, m), 7.45 (1H, t), 7.26-7.24 (1H, m), 7.03-6.94 (4H, m), 4.96-4.93 (1H, m), 4.78-4.73 (2H, m), 3.86-3.83 (1H, m), 3.55-3.47 (2H, m), 3.37-3.30 (2H, m), 3.16-2.99 (2H, m), 2.87-2.79 (2H, m), 2.70-2.66 (1H, m), 2.52-2.23 (6H, m), 1.75-1.61 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 489.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 37 8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-hydroxy-3-(pyridin-4-ylamino)-propyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #327

8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R) oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.100 g, 0.21 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethyl alcohol (0.5 mL), mixed with 4-aminopyridine (0.2 mL) and heated at reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (MeCN/water) to yield the title compound as an oil.

EXAMPLE 38 (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-hydroxy-3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-(R)-propyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #421

Sodium amide (0.0085 g, 0.21 mmol) and 2-aminopyridine (0.0165 g, 0.17 mmol) were suspended in toluene (0.25 mL) and benzene (0.15 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(S) oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.100 g, 0.21 mmol). The mixture was refluxed overnight under nitrogen, cooled down to room temperature and partitioned with brine and dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (3.25% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.98-7.96 (1H, m), 7.69-7.65 (1H, m), 7.60 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.53-7.51 (2H, m), 7.47-7.40 (1H, m), 7.28-7.26 (1H, m), 7.03-6.92 (4H, m), 6.66-6.47 (3H, m), 5.08-5.04 (1H, m), 4.98-4.94 (1H, m), 4.79-4.73 (2H, m), 4.0-3.94 (1H, m), 3.72-3.61 (2H, m), 3.57-3.49 (1H, m), 3.40-3.28 (2H, m), 3.14-3.02 (2H, m), 2.85-2.81 (1H, m), 2.44-2.26 (3H, m), 1.74-1.25 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 552.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 39 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester Compound #535

Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.2 g, 10.0 mmol) and 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (2.5 g, 10.0 mmol) were dissolved in dioxane (50 mL) and water (100 mL). Sodium hydrogeno carbonate (1.7 g, 20 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a solid. Recrystallization from hot ethyl acetate yielded the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.25 (1H, br s), 7.0-6.95 (2H, m), 6.82-6.77 (2H, m), 4.71 (2H, s), 4.08-3.8 (2H, m), 3.65-3.40 (2H, m), 2.35-2.15 (2H, m), 1.8-1.65 (2H, m), 1.48 (9H, s)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 372.1 (MNa)⁺.

EXAMPLE 40 8-Ethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #536

2-iodoethane (0.47 g, 3.0 mmol) and 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.6 g, 2.4 mmol) were dissolved in acetonitrile (15 mL). Potassium carbonate (0.66 g, 4.8 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned with water and diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (30-50% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.03-6.93 (4H, m), 6.46 (1H, br s), 4.67 (2H, s), 2.82-2.69 (4H, m), 2.48 (2H, q), 2.31-2.21 (2H, m), 1.81-1.76 (2H, m), 1.08 (3H, t)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 278.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 41 8-(4-Chloro-benzyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #508

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (3.0 g, 12.03 mmol) and 4-chloro-benzaldehyde (2.03 g, 14.44 mmol) were dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (120 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.82 g, 18.05 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then partitioned with 1N NaOH and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (3.5% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a white foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.30-7.15 (4H, m), 7.01-6.87 (4H, m), 4.63 (2H, s), 3.47 (2H, s), 2.78-2.65 (4H, m), 2.31-2.0 (2H, m), 1.73-1.68 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 374.1 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 42 8-(4-Chloro-benzyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #513

8-(4-Chloro-benzyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.220 g, 0.588 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (2.2 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 31 mg, 0.765 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 40 minutes. To the reaction mixture was then added (S)-epichlorhydrin (0.14 mL, 1.765 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours and partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (2% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.32-7.26 (4H, m), 7.04-6.91 (4H, m), 4.77 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 4.66 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 4.06-3.99 (1H, m), 3.52 (3H, s), 3.20-3.14 (2H, m), 2.85-2.68 (5H, m), 2.60-2.58 (1H, m), 2.33-2.23 (2H, m), 1.73-1.60 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 430.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 43 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-(S)-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylamino)-propyl]-8-(5-phenyl-thien-2-yl-methyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #293

(R)-1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-oxiranylmethyl-8-(5-phenyl-thien-2-yl-methyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.02 g, 0.041 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (1 mL), mixed with 2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylamine (16.3 mg, 0.125 mmol) and heated under stirring at 70° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified via flash chromatography (9% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.59-7.56 (2H, m), 7.38-7.33 (2H, m), 7.28-7.25 (2H, m), 7.14 (1H, d, J=3.6 Hz), 7.04-6.91 (3H, m), 6.87 (1H, d, J=3.5 Hz), 4.80-4.76 (2H, m), 3.86-3.69 (6H, m), 3.61-3.55 (1H, m), 3.36-3.29 (1H, m), 2.85-2.71 (7H, m), 2.58-2.32 (10H, m), 1.72 (2H, d, J=13.7 Hz)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 608.3 (M+H)⁺

EXAMPLE 44 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-quinolin-8-ylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #522

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.15 g, 0.601 mmol) and quinoline-8-carbaldehyde (0.113 g, 0.722 mmol) were dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (12 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.192 g, 0.902 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then partitioned with 1N NaOH and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.93-8.91 (1H, m), 8.14 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.89 (1H, br s), 7.71 (1H, m), 7.55 (1H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 7.41-7.38 (1H, m), 7.05-7.01 (4H, m), 6.79 (1H, br s), 4.69 (2H, s), 4.35 (2H, s), 3.01-2.90 (4H, m), 2.41 (2H, br s), 1.80 (2H, d, J=13.8 Hz)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 391.0 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 45 (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(R)-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #571

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(R) oxiranyl-methyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.084 g, 0.183 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (4 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 18 hours, then cooled to room temperature and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield an oil. The oil was partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (4% [methanol in ammonia 2.0M]/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ7.69-7.66 (1H, m), 7.61 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.54-7.50 (2H, m), 7.44 (1H, t), 7.27-7.25 (1H, m), 7.05-6.90 (4H, m), 4.98-4.90 (1H, m), 4.77-4.71 (2H, m), 4.03-3.98 (1H, m), 3.57-3.31 (8H, m), 3.16-3.01 (3H, m), 2.88-2.85 (1H, m), 2.43 (2H, br s), 2.32-2.24 (1H, m), 1.77-1.62 (2H, m), 1.18 (3H, t);

MS (ES⁺) m/z 504.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 46 3-[3-(Ethyl-methyl-amino)-2-hydroxy-(S)-propyl]-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #440

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(R)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.02 g, 0.043 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (2 mL). To the solution was then added N-methylethylamine (0.2 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 3 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.77-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.38-7.30 (4H, m), 6.96-6.91 (2H, m), 6.88-6.84 (2H, m), 4.82-4.75 (2H, m), 4.08-3.98 (3H, m), 3.61-3.57 (1H, m), 3.34-3.29 (1H, m), 3.11 (3H, s), 2.83-2.54 (8H, m), 2.44 (3H, s), 2.32-2.23 (2H, m), 1.68-1.63 (2H, m); 1.15 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 519.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 47 (R)-Acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-dimethylamino-2-hydroxy-(R)-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #423

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(S) oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.057 g, 0.124 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (2 mL). To the solution was then added a solution of 2.0M dimethylamine in THF (1 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 2.5 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (6.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.68-7.65 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.52-7.49 (2H, m), 7.44 (1H, t), 7.26-7.25 (1H, m), 7.03-6.94 (4H, m), 4.97-4.94 (1H, m), 4.83-4.80 (2H, m), 4.77-4.75 (1H, m), 3.87-3.81 (1H, m), 3.60-3.03 (7H, m), 2.85-2.82 (1H, m), 2.49-2.42 (2H, m), 2.32-2.24 (8H, m), 1.75-1.62 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) v/z 503.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 48 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #550

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]-decan-4-one (2.0 g, 4.95 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (25.0 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 238 mg, 5.94 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour. To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. (2R)-(−)-glycidyl-3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (1.54 g, 5.94 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour, then at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours and partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (2.5% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78-7.76 (1H, m), 7.73-7.69 (1H, m), 7.38-7.31 (4H, m), 6.99-6.91 (2H, m), 6.89-6.84 (2H, m), 4.76 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 4.01 (2H, s), 3.20-3.11 (6H, m), 2.86-2.77 (5H, m), 2.61-2.59 (1H, m), 2.31-2.21 (2H, m), 1.69-1.63 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 460.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 49 3,3,3-Trifluoro-N-{3-[1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-4-oxo-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl}-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-(R)-propionamide Compound #615

3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.0118 g, 0.024 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (1.0 mL) and pyridine (0.15 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. (S)-(+)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoro methyl)phenyl acetyl chloride (8.7 mg, 0.034 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour, then the solvent was evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude foam. The crude foam was dissolved in ethyl acetate and successively washed twice with aqueous 0.5N HCl, twice with aqueous NaHCO₃, brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a white foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.64-7.61 (1H, m), 7.56-7.54 (2H, m), 7.42-7.40 (3H, m), 7.39-7.30 (3H, m), 6.97-6.93 (2H, m), 6.87-6.83 (2H, m), 4.70 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 4.64 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 3.99 (3H, s), 4.01 (1H, s), 3.60-3.54 (1H, m), 3.45-3.32 (5H, m), 3.1 (3H, s), 2.82-2.74 (4H, m), 2.24-2.20 (2H, m), 1.70-1.63 (4H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 693.0 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 50 3-(3-Dimethylamino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #441

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.035 g, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (2 mL). To the solution was then added a 2.0M solution of dimethylamine in methanol (1.0 mL, 2.0 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 3 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.38-7.31 (4H, m), 6.96-6.91 (2H, m), 6.88-6.84 (2H, m), 4.80 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 4.77 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 4.01 (2H, m), 3.95-3.87 (1H, m), 3.62-3.58 (1H, m), 3.31-3.26 (1H, m), 3.11 (3H, s), 2.86-2.78 (6H, m), 2.36-2.22 (9H, m), 1.68-1.63 (2H, m).

MS (ES⁺) m/z 505.4 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 51 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-(2-(R)-hydroxy-3-methylamino-propyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #660

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.05 g, 0.109 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (3 mL). To the solution was then added a 2.0M solution of methylamine in methanol (1.0 mL, 2.0 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 3 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.38-7.31 (4H, m), 6.96-6.91 (2H, m), 6.88-6.84 (2H, m), 4.80 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 4.77 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 4.00 (2H, m), 3.97-3.86 (1H, m), 3.58-3.53 (1H, m), 3.43-3.35 (1H, m), 3.12 (3H, s), 2.84-2.69 (7H, m), 2.56-2.49 (1H, m), 2.44 (3H, s), 2.31-2.24 (2H, m), 1.67-1.64 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 491.1 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 52 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(3-methylamino-propylamino)-propyl]-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #656

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.035 g, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (4 mL). To the solution was then added N-methyl-1-3-propanediamine (0.027 g, 0.35 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 12 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.38-7.30 (4H, m), 6.95-6.91 (2H, m), 6.87-6.84 (2H, m), 4.80 (1H, d, J=5.05 Hz), 4.77 (1H, d, J=5.05 Hz), 4.00 (2H, s), 3.96-3.89 (1H, m), 3.58-3.54 (1H, m), 3.32-3.30 (1H, m), 3.12 (3H, s), 2.85-2.77 (6H, m), 2.65-2.58 (1H, m), 2.49-2.12 (10H, m), 1.68-1.63 (4H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 548.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 53 3-[3-(3-Dimethylamino-propylamino)-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl]-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #666

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.037 g, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (2 mL). To the solution was then added dimethylaminopropylamine (0.03 g, 0.3 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 12 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.38-7.30 (4H, m), 6.97-6.90 (2H, m), 6.87-6.82 (2H, m), 4.78-4.73 (2H, m), 4.00 (2H, s), 3.96-3.82 (1H, m), 3.59-3.53 (1H, m), 3.37-3.30 (1H, m), 3.12 (3H, s), 2.86-2.50 (9H, m), 2.35-2.11 (1H, m), 1.68-1.59 (4H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 562.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 54 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-propylamino)-propyl]-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #651

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (1.16 g, 2.5 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (20 mL). To the solution was then added 3-amino-1-propanol (0.375 g, 5.0 mmol,) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 12 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78-7.75 (1H, m), 7.71-7.68 (1H, m), 7.38-7.30 (4H, m), 6.97-6.90 (2H, m), 6.87-6.82 (2H, m), 4.74-4.70 (2H, m), 3.99 (2H, s), 3.96-3.90 (1H, m), 3.81-3.77 (2H, m), 3.47-3.42 (3H, m), 3.11 (3H, s), 2.91-2.56 (10H, m), 2.30-2.20 (2H, m), 1.76-1.63 (4H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 535.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 55 11-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #728

Step A:

8-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid (J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 2590-2593) (0.066 g, 0.34 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL). To the solution was then added at 0° C. a 1.0M solution of borane-methyl sulfide complex in dichloromethane (0.7 mL, 0.69 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, refluxed for 2 hrs, then cooled down to 0° C. and quenched with methanol. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was partitioned with water and diethyl ether. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield crude (8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-methanol as an oil which was used directly to the next step.

¹H NMR. 400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.05-6.92 (3H, m), 3.70-3.59 (2H, m), 3.15-3.10 (1H, m), 2.83-2.71 (2H, m), 2.34 (3H, s), 2.21-2.16 (1H, m), 1.95-1.83 (1H, m), 1.79.1.67 (2H, m), 1.52 (1H, br s)

Step B:

(8-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-methanol (0.03 g, 0.17 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.5 mL). To the solution was then added 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one, also known as Dess-Martin periodinane (0.087 g, 0.20 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hrs then partitioned with an aqueous saturated solution of thiosulfate and dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated solution of thiosulfate, an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield 8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde as a solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.66 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz), 7.13-6.99 (3H, m), 3.74-3.72 (1H, m), 2.81-2.77 (2H, m), 2.37-2.31 (1H, m), 2.2 (3H, s), 1.95-1.61 (3H, m).

Step C:

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.035 g, 0.14 mmol) and 8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde (0.03 g, 0.17 mmol) were dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) and dry dichloromethane (0.5 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.045 g, 0.21 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then partitioned with 1N NaOH and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (5% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as an oil.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.06-6.90 (7H, m), 6.56 (1H, br s), 4.68 (2H, s), 3.12-2.33 (12H, m), 1.91-1.53 (6H, m), 1.25-1.21 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 408.1 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 56 (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxymethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-(R)-propyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #695

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(S) oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.02 g, 0.04 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (1.5 mL). To the solution was then added 3-piperidinemethanol (0.01 g, 0.08 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 12 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (6.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.69-7.49 (4H, m), 7.46-7.41 (1H, m), 7.26-7.25 (1H, m), 7.04-6.95 (4H, m), 4.97-4.94 (1H, m), 4.81-4.74 (2H, m), 3.97-3.90 (1H, m), 3.58-1.6 (27H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 573.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 57 N-{3-[(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl-4-oxo-1,38-triaza-spiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-2-hydroxy-(R)-propyl}-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-(R)-propionamide Compound #645

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-amino-2-hydroxy-(R)-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.02 g, 0.042 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (3 mL) and pyridine (0.3 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. (S)-(+)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl acetyl chloride (13.8 mg, 0.055 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour, then and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude foam. The crude foam was dissolved in ethyl acetate and successively washed twice with aqueous 0.5N HCl, twice with aqueous NaHCO₃, brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compounds as a white foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.68-7.59 (3H, m), 7.55-7.39 (8H, m), 7.03-6.99 (2H, m), 6.98-6.93 (2H, m), 4.95-4.92 (1H, m), 4.70 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 3.99-3.97 (1H, s), 3.76 (1H, s), 3.57-3.29 (5H, m), 3.08-3.00 (2H, m), 2.79-2.76 (1H, m), 2.46-2.37 (1H, m), 2.37-2.29 (1H, m), 2.24-2.16 (1H, m), 2.00 (3H, s), 1.74-1.60 (4H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 691.3 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 58 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-hydroxymethyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #734

Step A:

[8-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-naphthalen-1-yl]-methanol (Aust. J. Chem. 1996, 49, 793-800) (0.2 g, 0.66 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (8 mL). To the solution was then added 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one, also known as Dess-Martin periodinane (0.56 g, 1.32 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hr then partitioned with an aqueous saturated solution of thiosulfate and dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated solution of thiosulfate, an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (6.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield 8-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde as a clear oil.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.73 (1H, s), 8.05-7.98 (2H, m), 7.86-7.84 (1H, m), 7.65-7.63 (1H, m), 7.55-7.48 (2H, m), 5.07 (2H, s), 0.83 (9H, s), 0.01 (6H, s)

Step B:

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.056 g, 0.22 mmol) and 8-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde (0.067 g, 0.22 mmol) were dissolved in dry 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL). To the reaction mixture was added crashed 4 A Molecular Sieve (0.028 g), a catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr and it was then added at room temperature sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.071 g, 0.33 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then partitioned with water and dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via semi-preparative HPLC (aqueous 0.5% TFA/acetonitrile) to yield crude 8-[8-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl]-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one which was directly used to the next step.

Step C:

To the crude intermediate prepared as in STEP B was added acetonitrile (5 mL) and aqueous 5% TFA (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hrs. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.85 (1H, br s), 7.86-7.81 (2H, m), 7.53-7.51 (1H, m), 7.43-7.33 (3H, m), 6.98-6.92 (2H, m), 6.84-6.79 (2H, m), 6.55 (1H, s), 5.12 (2H, br s), 4.66 (2H, s), 4.33 (1H, br s), 3.03-2.93 (4H, m), 2.38-2.31 (2H, m), 1.79-1.75 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 420.1 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 59 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methoxymethyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #733

Step A:

(8-Methoxymethyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-methanol (Tetrahedron Lett. 1997; 38, 8161-8164) (0.36 g, 1.8 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL). To the solution was then added 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one, also known as Dess-Martin periodinane (1.5 g, 3.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hr, then partitioned with an aqueous saturated solution of thiosulfate and dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated solution of thiosulfate, an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield crude 8-methoxymethyl-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde which was used directly into the next step.

Step B:

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.45 g, 1.8 mmol) and crude 8-methoxymethyl-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde (0.35 g, 1.8 mmol) were dissolved in dry dichloromethane (25 mL), dry 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL) and glacial acetic acid (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. To the reaction mixture was then added, at room temperature, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.57 g, 2.7 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 days. The reaction mixture was partitioned with water and dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield the title compound as a solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.85-7.80 (2H, m), 7.60-7.58 (1H, m), 7.49-7.37 (3H, m), 6.94-6.83 (4H, m), 6.12 (1H, s), 5.23 (2H, s), 4.64 (2H, s), 4.10 (2H, s), 3.38 (3H, s), 2.91-2.81 (4H, m), 2.30-2.23 (2H, m), 1.73-1.70 (2H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 434.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 60 (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(2-(R)-oxiranyl-ethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #723

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.25 g, 0.62 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (2.0 mL). To the reaction mixture was then added at 0° C. sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 0.03 g, 0.80 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was then added, at 0° C., 2-(R)-(2-bromo-ethyl)-oxirane (0.14 g, 0.93 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hr, then room temperature for 18 hours and then partitioned with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (6% methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.70-7.65 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.54-7.50 (2H, m), 7.43 (1H, t), 7.26 (1H, d), 7.04-6.93 (4H, m), 4.95 (1H, dd, J=3.4 and 7.8 Hz), 4.64 (2H, dd, J=4.3 and 10.7 Hz), 3.64-3.50 (3H, m), 3.38-3.31 (1H, m), 3.19-3.03 (2H, m), 2.97-2.92 (1H, m), 2.83-2.80 (1H, m), 2.75-2.73 (1H, m), 2.48-2.39 (3H, m), 2.29-2.21 (1H, m), 2.03-1.95 (1H, m), 1.75-1.62 (3H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 472.2 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 61 (R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(4-amino-3-(S)-hydroxy-butyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #722

(R)-8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(2-(R)-(oxiranyl-ethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.03 g, 0.06 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (1.0 mL). To the solution was then added concentrated ammonium hydroxide (1.0 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 7 hrs in a pressure flask. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (6.0% ammonia 2.0 M in methanol/dichloromethane) to yield the title compound as a foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70-7.65 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.54-7.50 (2H, m), 7.43 (1H, t), 7.26 (1H, d), 7.04-6.93 (4H, m), 4.96-4.94 (1H, m), 4.64 (2H, dd, J=4.3 and 10.7 Hz), 3.86-3.76 (1H, m), 3.57-3.45 (2H, m), 3.39-2.98 (4H, m), 2.85-2.76 (2H, m), 2.65-2.58 (1H, m), 2.52-2.40 (2H, m), 2.32-2.24 (1H, m), 2.10-1.90 (3H, m), 1.76-1.51 (4H, m)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 489.1 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 62 8-(S)-Acetonaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(1-phenyl-ethylamino)-propyl]-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #663

8-Acenaphthen-1-yl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.45 g, 0.98 mmol) and R-(+)-α-methylbenzyl amine (0.178 g, 1.47 mmol) were dissolved in ethanol (3 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 120° C. and microwaved for 600 sec. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to yield an oil. The crude oil was purified via flash chromatography (80% ethyl acetate/heptane) to yield the title compound as a solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.65 (1H, t), 7.60 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.50-7.54 (2H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 7.44 (1H, t), 7.07-7.28 (6H, m), 6.8-7.0 (4H, m), 4.9 (1H, m), 4.6 (2H, s), 3.8 (2H, m), 3.25-3.55 (5H, m), 2.95-3.1 (2H, m), 2.78-2.82 (1H, m), 2.6 (1H, m), 2.1-2.4 (5H, m), 1.5 (2H, m), 1.3 (3H, d)

MS (ES⁺) m/z 579.2 (MH+), 427.2

EXAMPLE 63 3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-8-cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one Compound #620

Cyclooctylmethyl-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (0.71 g, 1.65 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (5 mL), then mixed with ammonium hydroxide (2 mL, 14.4 mmol) and heated to 120° C. and microwaved for 600 sec. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by column chromatography (80% ethyl acetate/heptane) to yield the title compound as an oil.

MS (electrospray)=447.4 (MH+)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ1.1-1.3 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.8 (m, 16H), 2.1 (d, 2H), 2.2-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.6-2.8 (m, 5H), 2.8-3.0 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.7-3.8 (m, 2H), 4.7 (s, 2H), 6.8-7.0 (m, 4H).

EXAMPLE 64 3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one dihydrochloride Compound #640

1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl)-3-(S)-oxiranylmethyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (60 mg, 0.131 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (1 mL), then mixed with ammonium hydroxide (0.3 mL) and heated to 120° C. and microwaved for 480 sec. The solvent was evaporated. The resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and then treated with HCl in diethyl ether (1M, 1 mL) to yield the title compound as a solid.

MS (electrospray)=475.2 (MH+), 305.1

1H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.9-1.0 (m, 1H), 1.1-1.5 (m, 5H) 1.7-1.8 (m, 1H), 2.0-2.25 (m, 6H), 2.3-2.7 (m, 4H), 2.7-3.2 (m, 7H), 3.32-3.7 (m, 2H), 3.85-4.2 (m, 2H), 4.9 (m, 2H), 6.9-7.4 (m, 8H)

EXAMPLE 65 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]-decan-4-one Compound #547

Step A: (8-Hydroxymethyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-methanol

A 12-L 4-neck flask equipped with a thermocouple, an overhead stirrer, a 2-L addition funnel, and a condenser under N₂ was charged with 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (200 g, 1.0 mol) in toluene (2.5 L) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was agitated while adding DIBAL-H (1.5 M in toluene, 2.664 L, 4 mol) via the addition funnel over 1.5 h. The solution was then heated to 95° C. overnight, cooled to 15° C. and then slowly diluted with ethyl acetate (2.2 L) and H₂O (2 L) followed by addition of concentrated HCl (320 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred for 30 min at room temperature, filtered, and air dried on the filter for 2 h. The resultant material was in 95% ethanol (1.2 L), stirred at 70° C. for 2 h, and filtered to yield a wet solid which was air dried overnight on the filter and then dried at 70° C. in a vacuum oven to yield (8-hydroxymethyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-methanol as a solid;

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD)

7.85 (2H, dd, J=1.3 and 8.2 Hz), 7.61 (2H, dd, J=1.0 and 7.0 Hz), 7.46-7.42 (2H, m), 5.22 (2H, s), 4.82 (4H, s).

Step B: 1H,3H-Benzo[de]isochromene

A 1-L 3-neck flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, a condenser, and a thermocouple was charged with (8-hydroxymethyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-methanol (33.0 g, 0.175 mol), concentrated phosphoric acid (225 mL), and water (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 140° C. for 3 h, cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (800 mL) and transferred to a 2-L separatory funnel. After washing the organic layer with water and saturated NaHCO₃ it was dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to yield 1H,3H-Benzo[de]isochromene as a solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆):

6.96-6.92 (2H, m), 6.62-6.58 (2H, m), 6.39-6.37 (2H, m), 4.17 (3H, s).

Step C: (8-Methyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-methanol (See Tetrahedron, 2000, 56, 8375-8382)

A 3-L 4-neck flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, a thermocouple, a condenser, a nitrogen inlet, and a 1-L addition funnel was charged with potassium (30 g, 0.764 mol) and THF (1 L). The metal suspension was heated to 60° C. for 30 min and then stirred to room temperature. To the reaction mixture was then added naphthalene (2 g, 0.015 mol), the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 10 min and then cooled to −20° C. to afford a blue suspension. A solution of 1H,3H-Benzo[de]isochromene (26 g, 0.153 mol) in THF (500 ml) was slowly added via the addition funnel, with addition controlled so that the reaction temperature did not exceed −15° C. After stirring for 5 h at −20° C., the suspension was removed from the cooling bath, warmed with stirring to 0° C., and then allowed to stand without stirring (potassium metal settling). The solution was decanted and the residual potassium was cooled and carefully decomposed with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) under N₂. The decanted solution was carefully treated with water (20 mL) under nitrogen and stirring was continued for 20 min. Additional water and ether were added and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the combined organics were dried over MgSO₄ and condensed in vacuo to yield a crude material. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (7.5/2.5 hexane/EtOAc) to yield 8-methyl-1-napthalenemethanol as a solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆):

7.82-7.80 (1H, m), 7.73-7.69 (1H, m), 7.52-7.50 (1H, m), 7.41-7.32 (3H, m), 5.17 (2H, bs), 3.01 (3H, s).

Step D: 8-Methyl-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde

A 1-L 4-neck equipped with an overhead stirrer, a condenser and a thermocouple was charged with 8-methyl-1-napthalenemethanol (18.5 g, 0.107 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL) and stirred at room temperature under N₂. Solid Mn_((IV))O₂ (61 g, 0.7 mol) was carefully added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, then at 40° C. for 6 h and then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL), filtered and the filtrate was washed with 1N HCl and then dried over MgSO₄. The resulting crude material was purified using silica gel chromatography. (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield 8-methyl-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde as a solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 10.92 (1H, s), 8.04 (1H, dd, J=1.3 and 8.1 Hz), 7.96 (1H, dd, J=1.4 and 7.1 Hz), 7.82-7.73 (1H, m), 7.55-7.51 (1H, m), 7.49-7.44 (2H, m), 2.82 (3H, s)

Step E: 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]-decan-4-one.

A 1-L 3-neck flask equipped with an overhead stirrer and a thermocouple was charged with 8-methyl-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde (13.75 g, 0.08 mol) and 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one (21.5 g, 0.085 mol) under N₂ in CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL). After stirring for 20 min, HOAc (1 mL) was added followed by careful addition of solid NaBH(OAc)₃ (33.4 g, 0.157 mol). The mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature (suspension becomes a solution). The reaction was then warmed at 50° C. for 2 h, cooled down to room temperature and then treated with 0.5 N NaOH (50 mL), stirred for 10 min and then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The organic layer was isolated and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was evaporated to yield a residue, which was suspended in diethyl ether, stirred for 20 min, filtered and dried in a 60° C. vacuum oven to yield 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]-decan-4-one as a white solid;

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

7.79-7.76 (1H, m), 7.72-7.69 (1H, m), 7.39-7.30 (4H, m), 6.98-6.92 (2H, m), 6.87-6.82 (2H, m), 6.24 (1H, br s), 4.66 (2H, s), 4.01 (2H, s), 3.12 (3H, s), 2.86-2.78 (4H, m), 2.33-2.23 (2H, m), 1.72 (2H, d, J=14.1 Hz);

MS (ES⁺) m/z 404.2 (M+H)⁺.

Elemental Analysis

Calculated: C, 69.26%, H, 7.06%, N, 11.34%, F: 3.91%, H₂O: 1.85%

Measured: C, 68.96%, H, 6.83%, N, 11.38%, F: 4.00%, H₂O: 0.58% EXAMPLE 66 Production of Cells Expressing the ORL-1, Delta, Kappa or Mu Receptor

HEK293 cells were transfected with nociceptin receptor (ORL-1, human mRNA GenBank #AF348323) or any of the opioid receptor subtype delta (6, human mRNA Genbank #U07882) kappa (κ, human mRNA Genbank #U17298) and mu (μ, human mRNA Genbank #L29301). The vector used was pCi-neo (G418 selection). The transfections were performed with LipofectAMINE 2000 (Life Technologies Cat. # 11668-019) using the following procedure.

The day before transfection, a 24 well plate was inoculated with 2×10⁵ cells per well in 0.5 ml of normal growth medium (MEM+EBSS+NEAA+10% BCS). Two wells were prepared for each specialty along with a no DNA control. For each well transfected, 0.8 μg of DNA was diluted into 50 μl (total volume) of OPTI-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium (Life Technologies Cat. # 51985-034). For each well transfected, 2 μl of LipofectAMINE 2000 (LF2000) was diluted into 50 μl (total volume) of OPTI-MEM I medium and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The diluted DNA and LF2000 were combined and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. The growth medium was aspirated from each well and replaced with 1 ml of OPTI-MEM I. A total of 100 μl of the DNA-LF2000 complexes were added to each well and mixed with gentle swirling. The plate was incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 5 hours. The OPTI-MEM I medium was aspirated from each transfected well and replaced with 1 ml growth medium. The plate was returned to the incubator for 24 hours. The wells were trypsinized and cells added to 100 mm tissue culture dishes (2 dishes per well). The dishes were incubated for 24 hours. The medium was aspirated from each dish and replaced with growth medium containing 400 μg/ml Geneticin (G418) selective antibiotic. The plates were refer every 3-4 days.

Distinct colonies appeared in approximately 3 weeks. One week later, 48 out of approximately 100 colonies per dish were subcultures to 1 well each of two 24 well plates containing 1 ml of selective medium per well.

Confluent wells were expanded to 6 well plates, then T25 flasks and T75 flasks. Cell lines showing poor growth patterns were eliminated. Membranes were prepared from each cell line and receptor activity determined by a receptor binding assay.

EXAMPLE 67 Method for measuring affinity for the ORL-1 receptor

The nociceptin receptor binding assay measures the binding of ¹²⁵I-Tyr¹⁴-nociceptin (2200 Ci/mmol, New England Nuclear) to human nociceptin receptor (ORL-1) on HEK293 cell membranes.

HEK293 cell membrane (prepared as described in Pulito, V. L. et al., 2000, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 294, 224-229), with the exception that the buffer used was a mixture of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH7.8, 5 mM MgCl₂ and 1 mM EGTA), was added to PEI treated WGA FlashPlates (New England Nuclear) at 1 μg/well in binding buffer of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.8, 5 mM MgCl₂ and 1 mM EGTA. ¹²⁵I-Tyr¹⁴-nociceptin was added at a final concentration of 0.5 nM and the volume adjusted to 50 μl with binding buffer. The plate was incubated for two hours at room temperature, the reactions were aspirated and the wells washed two times with 200 μl binding buffer and then filled with 200 μl binding buffer. The plates were then sealed and counted on a Packard Top Count to determine radioactivity bound to the membranes.

For each test compound, the total binding (% Inh) was measured at several concentrations and the IC₅₀ (the concentration at which 50% of the binding is inhibited) was determined from the graphical display of X=logarithm of concentration versus Y=response, using the following calculation:

$Y = {({Minimum}) + \frac{\left( {{Maximum} - {Minimum}} \right)}{\left( {1 + 10^{\log({{EC}_{50}\text{-}X})}} \right)}}$

For some of the test compound, Ki was determined, using the following calculation:

Ki values were calculated using Graphpad Prizm software, where

Ki=(IC ₅₀)/(+[radioligand]/Kd)

For the ORL-1 binding, the Kd was 0.5 nM. The [radioligand] used was the same as the Kd.

The ability of representative compounds of the present invention to bind to the ORL-1 receptor in a HEK cell line using a radio-labelled nociceptin as the displaceable ligand was determine according to the procedure described above with results as listed in Table 12. (Note that for the compounds which were tested more than once, the value listed in Table 12 is the calculated mean.)

TABLE 12 ID# ORL-1 IC₅₀ (nM) ORL-1 Ki (nM) 1 8.10 2 8.49 3 173.0 4 3.63 5 20.1 6 4.66 7 13.4 8 4.86 9 233.0 10 10.5 11 22.3 12 21.0 13 10.6 14 25.2 15 31.8 16 122.0 17 10.8 18 10.3 19 15.0 20 15.8 21 9.22 22 20.7 23 80.5 24 34.8 25 33.0 26 20.3 27 11.0 28 7.74 29 121.0 30 23.2 31 44.5 32 13.7 33 95.3 34 26.9 35 30.3 36 8.73 38 8.88 39 149.0 40 9.40 41 8.32 42 19.2 43 19.9 44 43.1 45 6.45 46 16.2 47 0.86 48 1.28 49 14.8 50 298.0 51 259.0 52 0.48 53 0.47 54 3.03 55 2.75 56 4.70 57 20.0 58 476.0 59 94.5 60 396.0 61 1.09 62 0.78 63 19.2 64 33.9 65 88.5 66 39.2 67 12.2 68 10.4 69 20.5 70 72.9 71 59.3 72 82.6 73 14.0 74 8.08 75 21.1 76 16.1 78 18.0 79 18.2 100 4.10 101 1.79 102 199.0 103 18.5 104 0.72 105 81.6 106 55.4 107 57.7 108 36.9 110 45.0 111 25.2 112 18.0 113 27.4 114 15.1 115 14.0 116 17.0 117 99.7 119 2.8 121 39.9 122 32.4 123 61.2 124 41.6 125 44.1 126 38.6 127 61.0 128 38.6 129 160.0 130 48.8 131 17.0 132 33.9 133 108.0 134 329.0 135 17.3 136 1330.0 137 101.0 138 31.9 139 139.0 140 108.0 141 26.0 142 49.9 143 39.7 144 40.0 145 12.8 146 85.6 147 34.3 148 81.1 149 40.9 150 28.5 151 10.9 152 37.6 153 60.4 154 6.96 155 98.9 156 21.8 157 43.5 158 41.9 159 298.0 160 53.5 161 90.7 162 46.0 163 539.0 164 252.0 165 54.5 166 52.2 167 45.5 168 151.0 169 219.0 170 >10,000 171 19.9 173 31.8 174 68.7 175 86.3 176 51.3 177 166.0 178 62.2 179 33.0 180 116.0 181 67.3 182 7.7 183 40.0 187 17.1 188 7.1 189 7.6 190 41.0 191 10.7 192 4.2 193 14.0 194 7.00 197 2.00 198 46.0 203 1.3 204 30.9 205 17.5 206 8.0 208 10.7 209 33.00 210 3.10 211 2.90 215 9.35 217 12.7 218 6.6 219 6.6 220 100.0 224 9.00 225 7.3 227 25.0 228 3.3 229 7.6 230 105.0 250 59.7 251 10.5 252 35.2 253 20.4 254 16.3 255 66.5 256 23.5 257 14.9 258 343.0 259 199.0 260 560.0 261 54.1 262 182.0 263 86.7 264 283.0 265 366.0 266 471.0 267 178.0 268 147.0 269 157.0 270 148.0 271 0.70 275 1.19 276 7.97 280 118.0 281 8.90 282 6.35 283 13.9 284 7.86 285 78.3 289 7.05 290 14.2 291 17.5 292 462.5 293 279.0 294 1360.0 295 0.52 296 1.78 298 0.87 299 3.06 300 0.89 305 0.996 307 2.22 308 1.99 309 0.36 310 10.7 311 0.83 312 1.16 313 6.03 314 1.37 315 0.78 316 1.01 317 1.06 318 0.87 319 3.44 320 1.70 321 0.65 322 0.51 323 0.82 324 2.51 325 1.64 326 0.74 327 0.23 328 4.55 329 2.02 330 0.91 331 0.90 332 0.41 333 1.68 334 0.53 335 0.40 336 0.50 337 1.40 338 0.82 339 0.75 340 0.12 341 0.30 342 135.0 343 1.05 344 1.92 345 0.24 346 0.72 347 2.72 348 0.66 349 0.90 350 0.58 351 0.81 352 1.55 353 0.42 354 0.92 355 2.13 356 0.57 358 0.10 360 0.25 362 2.37 364 1.67 365 1.30 366 1.59 367 4.05 368 5.54 370 2.10 371 2.96 372 1.13 373 3.48 374 20.9 375 3.93 376 0.85 377 0.82 378 0.56 379 0.17 380 1.03 381 0.28 382 0.80 383 0.32 385 135.0 386 111.0 387 37.8 388 30.5 389 106.0 390 69.7 391 51.5 392 121.0 393 6.68 394 198.0 395 130.0 396 23.1 398 77.5 399 65.8 418 79.5 419 1.17 420 0.33 421 0.26 422 13.6 423 0.34 424 0.23 425 1.01 426 2.19 427 3.23 428 2.48 429 2.53 430 2.64 431 2.07 432 3.41 433 1.95 434 1.02 435 0.78 436 0.99 437 1.24 438 49.6 439 34.2 440 22.7 441 70.5 442 27.4 443 1.19 444 1.18 445 1.78 446 1.98 447 17.9 448 2.02 451 6.35 452 29.0 453 39.4 454 4.71 455 183.0 456 462.0 457 377.0 458 35.9 459 128.0 460 42.7 461 1.32 462 1.54 463 1.44 464 0.81 465 0.16 500 0.74 501 567.0 502 3920.0 503 563.0 504 39.3 505 9770 506 493.6 507 23.9 508 383.0 509 0.36 510 165.0 511 35.7 512 1.02 513 254.0 514 20.8 516 >10,000 517 >10,000 518 19.0 519 24.4 520 84.0 521 >10,000 522 213.4 523 >10,000 524 >10,000 525 >10,000 526 >10,000 527 >10,000 528 >10,000 529 >10,000 530 >10,000 531 >10,000 532 >10,000 533 >10,000 534 >10,000 535 5720 536 4300 537 569. 538 >10,000 539 >10,000 541 897 542 283 543 2640 544 204.0 546 3530 547 42.6 548 132.0 549 1220 550 13.5 551 37.4 552 92.0 553 11.0 554 80.4 555 0.25 556 1.27 564 0.22 565 0.38 566 0.77 567 1.41 568 1.36 569 0.83 570 0.24 571 0.23 572 5600 573 896 576 0.46 578 164.0 579 0.83 581 9.00 582 40.00 600 1.11 601 7.59 602 1.11 603 1.98 604 2.06 605 0.81 606 1.03 607 3.05 608 10.00 609 10.00 610 10.00 611 0.37 612 1.85 613 0.83 614 1.69 616 17.95 617 5.83 618 6.23 619 30.21 620 6.16 621 5.05 623 19.77 624 5.83 625 5.50 626 158.30 627 4.66 628 20.21 629 19.58 633 18.87 634 6.49 635 4.80 636 6.08 637 2.26 638 4.30 639 0.11 640 0.61 641 0.28 642 0.43 643 0.47 644 0.42 647 0.44 648 320.4 649 35.44 650 21.43 651 5.87 652 17.34 653 177.1 654 1.10 655 26.55 656 8.17 657 2.18 658 0.32 659 0.75 660 19.2 661 25.74 662 29.86 663 1.60 664 117.90 665 44.36 666 8.02 667 0.04 668 3.25 669 1.40 670 10.00 671 10.00 672 10.00 673 10.00 674 10.00 675 25.49 677 56.99 678 6.73 679 0.53 680 115.7 681 7.54 682 10.00 683 10.00 684 10.00 685 10.00 686 10.00 687 18.68 688 76.33 689 25.05 690 23.51 691 0.35 692 0.48 693 0.37 694 0.46 695 0.19 696 0.29 697 0.34 698 0.26 699 0.55 700 0.94 701 0.52 702 0.84 703 0.72 704 20.11 705 11.78 706 15.04 707 13.72 708 9.42 709 17.45 710 23.32 711 17.87 712 27.59 713 4.87 714 27.61 715 5.16 716 5.76 717 5.25 718 4.41 719 4.34 720 5.21 721 17.62 722 0.57 723 0.88 726 10.58 727 75.12 728 104.9 729 476.6 733 3.77 734 72.8

EXAMPLE 68 Filtration Binding Assay: ORL-1, Mu, Kappa and Delta Opioid Receptors

The assay used to measure the binding of representative test compounds to the ORL-1, delta, kappa and mu opioid receptors was run similarly, with appropriate selection and substitution of cell membrane and radiolabeled ligand. The following cell membranes and ligands were used for the determination of binding to the respective opioid receptors.

ORL-1 (Nociceptin) 1 ug/well of 3C4 cell line membrane and 0.5 nM final concentration of ¹²⁵I nociceptin Delta (δ) opioid: 1 μg/well of 2D4 cell line membrane and a final concentration of 2.44 nM DPDPE-³H ligand. Mu (μ) opioid: 5 μg/well of 1D4 cell line membrane and a final concentration 0.8993 nM DAMGO-³H ligand. Kappa (κ) opioid: 7 μg/well of 2C2 cell line membrane and a final concentration of 2.76 nM U-69,593-³H ligand.

Both membrane and ligand were diluted such that a 25 μl addition delivered the necessary amount per well, as noted above. Both membrane and ligand were diluted in 1×ORL-1 buffer. The ORL-1 buffer was composed of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH=7.4, 5 mM MgCl₂ and 1 mM EGTA. Each test compound was diluted to a concentration in the range of from 100 μM to 10 pM (half-log curve) with 100% DMSO. To each well of a 96 well plate was added 25 μL cell membrane (as listed above), 1 μL of the diluted test compound, and 25 μL labeled ligand (as listed above) for the mu, delta, kappa or ORL-1 opioid receptor, as desired.

The plate was incubated on a rotating shaker for 2 hours at room temperature. The plate was filtered over GF/C Filterplates, prewetted in 0.03% polyethleneimine, in Filtermate 196 apparatus (Packard). The plate was then washed 6 times with ORL-1 buffer in the filtration apparatus and dried in vacuum oven for 1 hour at a temperature of 50° C.

To each well was then added 25 μL Microscint 20 (Packard) (to solubilize bound radioactivity) and each well counted in a Packard TopCount for 1 minute/well using counting parameters optimized for the particular radioligand/opioid receptor being tested. Percent radioactive ligand bound in each reaction was calculated relative to a control using DMSO for maximum binding (no inhibition). Curves were fitted and K_(i)'s determined using Graphpad Prizm software (v3.0). The K_(i)s were calculated using the following formula by Graphpad Prizm software, where

Ki=(IC ₅₀)/(1+[radioligand]/Kd)

For the ORL-1, the Kd is 0.5 nM, for Mu it is 0.8993 nM, for kappa it is 2.76 nM and for delta it is 2.44 nM. Note that the [radioligand] (concentration of radioligand) was equivalent to the Kd.

Representative compounds of the present invention were tested for binding to the mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors using the procedure, cell membranes and ligands as described above, with results as listed in Table 13. The values listed below correspond to IC₅₀ measurements, unless followed with the notation “Ki” which denotes that for the listed value is a Ki measurement. (Note that for the compounds which were tested more than once, the value listed in Table 13 is the calculated mean.)

TABLE 13 ID# Delta IC₅₀ (μM) Kappa IC₅₀ (μM) Mu IC₅₀ (μM) 1 >10 0.13 0.62 2 >10 0.19 1.20 3 9.16 0.44 4.05 4 >10 0.11 0.16 5 >10 0.12 0.78 6 >10 0.23 0.42 7 7.11 0.13 1.38 8 0.05 0.83 9 1.40 0.94 10 0.08 0.85 11 0.29 0.82 12 0.20 0.52 13 0.12 0.62 14 0.40 1.20 15 0.33 0.85 16 0.55 1.12 17 >10 0.25 0.65 18 >10 0.28 0.45 19 0.09 0.59 20 >10 0.44 1.28 21 >10 0.32 0.80 22 0.30 0.60 23 0.49 9.20 24 >10 0.75 1.25 25 0.45 1.10 26 0.29 0.79 27 0.03 0.40 28 >10 0.18 0.41 29 0.41 5.41 30 >10 0.71 2.73 31 0.28 2.93 32 >10 0.27 0.45 33 1.16 >10 34 0.27 0.68 35 >10 0.66 0.82 36 1.76 0.23 1.76 38 >10 0.20 0.99 39 >10 3.25 8.83 40 >10 0.40 1.22 41 >10 0.25 2.10 42 0.26 0.54 43 0.32 0.54 44 0.16 1.13 45 1.18 0.10 0.51 46 9.87 0.19 1.32 47 >10 0.09 0.21 48 >10 0.17 0.54 49 0.08 50 1.04 51 0.18 52 4.41 0.05 0.29 53 4.74 0.03 0.07 54 >10 0.11 0.35 55 3.90 0.37 0.60 56 1.25 0.50 0.08 57 0.07 58 1.12 59 0.10 60 0.35 61 0.64 0.08 0.32 62 0.90 0.10 0.06 63 8.78 0.23 3.43 64 7.34 0.24 1.19 65 0.51 0.58 66 5.93 0.13 0.55 67 >10 0.04 0.71 68 >10 0.02 0.26 69 >10 0.04 0.51 70 0.63 71 0.57 72 0.79 1.84 73 >10 0.25 0.68 74 8.02 0.09 0.89 75 >10 0.30 0.98 76 >10 0.02 0.51 78 0.82 79 1.04 3.11 100 >10 0.28 0.23 101 3.93 0.78 0.076 102 0.18 103 0.02 104 0.52 0.08 0.02 105 2.26 106 0.016 107 0.003 108 0.54 115 0.012 116 0.022 117 0.036 124 0.023 127 0.029 129 0.029 130 0.061 131 0.051 132 0.043 133 0.087 137 0.100 138 0.066 139 0.103 140 0.074 142 0.104 143 0.048 144 0.049 145 0.104 146 0.038 147 0.044 148 0.037 149 0.057 152 0.044 153 0.057 155 0.050 156 0.016 158 0.066 159 0.068 160 0.021 161 0.049 164 0.082 165 0.011 166 0.022 167 0.053 168 0.010 169 0.057 171 0.037 173 0.038 174 0.022 175 0.030 176 0.055 177 0.047 178 0.018 179 0.020 180 0.045 181 0.034 183 0.047 192 2.51 0.01 203 3.08 0.02 0.04 228 0.070 229 0.060 230 0.152 250 >10 0.38 1.20 251 >10 0.45 1.58 252 >10 1.34 3.70 253 2.16 0.40 0.76 254 >10 0.80 2.83 255 >10 0.62 2.49 256 >10 1.18 5.45 257 >10 0.38 0.88 259 0.50 261 >10 0.27 1.56 262 0.85 263 0.59 267 0.77 268 0.95 269 2.49 270 0.41 271 >10 0.07 0.37 275 5.01 0.09 0.45 276 >10 0.70 0.86 280 1.08 2.52 281 0.96 0.58 282 0.77 0.324 283 1.15 3.24 284 0.42 3.20 285 2.69 4.78 289 0.19 1.39 290 0.93 291 0.57 4.56 298 6.06 0.05 0.38 299 >10 1.98 0.43 300 4.84 0.13 0.51 305 8.27 0.171 0.592 307 0.21 0.75 308 0.05 0.20 309 0.09 0.04 310 1.63 1.09 311 1.70 0.28 0.27 312 0.33 0.32 313 0.50 0.33 314 0.16 0.13 315 0.28 0.30 316 0.19 0.49 317 0.22 0.92 318 0.08 0.23 319 0.58 0.32 320 0.12 0.34 321 0.15 0.16 322 0.22 0.13 323 0.10 0.72 324 0.23 0.11 325 0.21 0.73 326 0.01 0.25 327 >10 0.11 0.13 328 0.30 1.03 330 >10 0.48 0.19 331 0.12 0.46 332 0.02 0.08 333 0.39 0.24 334 0.03 0.06 335 0.07 0.13 336 0.04 0.06 337 0.25 0.55 338 0.14 0.74 339 >10 0.18 0.21 340 7.34 0.495 1.29 341 >10 0.29 0.81 342 >10 0.29 0.35 343 2.70 0.42 0.55 344 4.81 0.23 0.55 345 9.27 0.668 0.37 346 1.10 0.14 0.17 347 9.13 0.62 5.4 348 >10 0.93 5.42 349 >10 0.38 1.4 350 3.16 0.078 0.25 351 8.00 0.081 0.38 352 >10 0.27 0.94 353 8.89 0.24 0.47 354 >10 0.15 0.30 355 4.15 0.16 0.18 356 >10 0.08 0.63 358 2.46 0.13 0.17 360 2.51 0.03 0.15 362 0.82 0.20 364 0.18 0.21 365 0.79 1.75 366 0.34 0.26 367 0.36 1.86 368 0.43 1.08 370 0.29 0.35 371 0.73 0.57 372 0.26 0.70 373 1.24 0.37 374 0.73 1.96 376 0.14 0.07 377 2.61 0.093 0.16 378 0.20 0.64 379 0.14 0.16 380 0.23 0.07 381 0.10 0.22 382 0.21 0.15 383 0.06 0.54 386 3.69 >10 388 0.23 >10 389 9.84 7.06 390 1.22 1.79 391 2.18 >10 392 1.39 >10 393 1.04 >10 395 >10 1.10 396 0.81 >10 398 >10 0.25 >10 399 0.75 >10 418 >10 >10 >10 419 0.16 0.13 420 >10 0.42 0.41 421 0.13 0.04 422 >10 >10 423 >1 0.59 0.31 424 0.28 0.60 0.28 425 0.82 0.29 426 >10 1.06 2.74 427 1.45 2.37 428 0.75 0.90 429 0.67 0.80 430 >10 0.89 2.47 431 0.58 1.74 432 0.37 1.00 433 0.42 1.26 434 0.88 0.24 435 0.60 0.22 436 0.83 0.25 437 1.40 0.36 438 >10 >10 439 >10 >10 440 >10 >10 441 >10 >10 442 >10 >10 443 1.75 0.17 444 1.71 0.25 445 >10 0.10 0.06 446 4.12 0.13 0.45 447 0.48 0.48 448 0.17 1.14 451 0.77 0.32 452 1.52 0.57 453 0.39 1.70 454 0.12 0.51 455 0.38 5.16 456 >10 >10 457 9.43 >10 458 1.45 >10 459 3.21 >10 460 0.83 0.90 461 >10 0.25 1.03 462 5.62 0.15 0.12 463 1.77 0.17 464 0.34 2.38 465 0.10 0.38 505 >10 >10 >10 506 0.67 0.529 507 >10 0.277 1.29 508 0.874 0.156 509 0.50 0.11 0.02 510 5.77 0.24 0.69 511 3.91 0.42 0.14 512 0.82 0.98 0.086 513 0.46 0.05 514 0.21 0.26 516 0.77 >10 517 0.45 >10 541 9.28 2.14 0.48 542 >10 0.53 0.16 543 >10 0.71 2.09 544 >10 0.379 0.582 546 >10 2.13 1.29 547 >10 >10 >10 548 >10 0.07 0.54 549 >10 4.37 >10 550 2.61 0.09 0.16 551 1.51 552 >10 1.22 0.066 553 >10 0.75 3.4 554 10.0 9.47 >10 555 0.1 0.56 0.10 556 >10 0.438 0.382 564 0.49 0.04 565 0.41 0.03 566 0.98 0.27 567 1.00 0.17 568 0.72 0.11 569 0.29 0.14 570 0.79 0.05 571 0.05 0.20 0.04 572 3.87 9.85 573 2.09 7.22 576 1.4 0.185 0.03 578 >10 2.86 579 2.75 0.17 600 0.49 0.04 601 1.77 0.77 602 0.88 0.07 603 1.32 0.08 604 0.79 0.08 605 0.33 2.38 606 0.58 0.09 607 10.0 10.0 608 10.0 10.0 609 10.0 10.0 610 9.02 10.0 611 0.18 0.05 612 0.44 0.28 613 0.51 0.27 614 1.58 0.56 616 >5 Ki 0.09 Ki 0.20 Ki 617 >5 Ki 0.02 Ki 0.09 Ki 618 >5 Ki 0.04 Ki 0.08 Ki 619 >5 Ki 0.17 Ki 0.14 Ki 620 >5 Ki 0.19 Ki 0.28 Ki 621 >5 Ki 0.02 Ki 0.04 Ki 623 >5 Ki 0.03 Ki 0.14 Ki 624 >5 Ki 0.006 Ki 0.07 Ki 625 0.35 Ki 0.003 Ki 0.01 Ki 626 1.45 Ki 0.05 Ki 0.05 Ki 627 >5 Ki 0.01 Ki 0.06 Ki 628 1.43 Ki 0.008 Ki 0.03 Ki 629 >5 Ki 0.01 Ki 0.07 Ki 633 >5 Ki 0.04 Ki 0.44 Ki 634 >5 Ki 0.03 Ki 0.12 Ki 635 >5 Ki 0.03 Ki 0.13 Ki 636 3.40 Ki 0.01 Ki 0.23 Ki 637 >5 Ki 0.08 Ki 0.10 Ki 638 >5 Ki 0.07 Ki 0.40 Ki 639 1.60 Ki 0.03 Ki 0.01 Ki 640 >5 Ki 0.21 Ki 0.12 Ki 641 1.58 Ki 0.02 Ki 0.01 Ki 642 3.06 Ki 0.08 Ki 0.02 Ki 643 4.42 Ki 0.04 Ki 0.01 Ki 644 2.28 Ki 0.03 Ki 0.03 Ki 647 >5 Ki 0.02 Ki 0.05 Ki 648 >5 Ki 2.87 Ki 5.00 Ki 649 >5 Ki 0.68 Ki 0.89 Ki 650 >5 Ki 0.46 Ki 0.74 Ki 651 >5 Ki 0.31 Ki 0.67 Ki 652 >5 Ki 0.75 Ki 1.06 Ki 653 >5 Ki 1.58 Ki 5.00 Ki 654 >5 Ki 0.06 Ki 0.13 Ki 655 >5 Ki 0.43 Ki 2.19 Ki 656 >5 Ki 0.42 Ki 1.52 Ki 657 >5 Ki 0.04 Ki 0.09 Ki 658 >5 Ki 0.13 Ki 0.17 Ki 659 >5 Ki 0.42 Ki 0.13 Ki 660 0.87 Ki 661 0.80 Ki 662 1.60 Ki 663 >5 Ki 0.018 Ki 0.071 Ki 664 >5 Ki 0.72 Ki 0.26 Ki 665 >5 Ki 0.29 Ki 2.71 Ki 666 >5 Ki 0.14 Ki 2.59 Ki 667 4.14 Ki 0.45 Ki 0.77 Ki 668 1.25 0.19 669 1.36 0.13 670 10.00 10.00 671 10.00 10.00 672 10.00 10.00 673 10.00 10.00 674 10.00 10.00 675 3.10 Ki 0.01 Ki 0.04 Ki 677 0.53 Ki 0.10 Ki 0.08 Ki 678 5.0 Ki 0.04 Ki 0.14 Ki 679 1.52 Ki 0.03 Ki 0.05 Ki 680 >5 Ki 0.66 Ki 3.02 Ki 681 >5 Ki 0.58 Ki 0.71 Ki 682 10.00 10.00 683 10.00 10.00 684 5.90 10.00 685 10.00 10.00 686 2.52 10.00 687 0.51 Ki 0.01 Ki 0.01 Ki 688 >5 Ki 0.16 Ki 0.11 Ki 689 1.46 Ki 0.005 Ki 0.01 Ki 690 1.07 Ki 0.004 Ki 0.03 Ki 691 0.25 0.03 692 3.36 Ki 0.06 Ki 0.02 Ki 693 0.03 0.17 694 0.01 0.85 695 0.16 0.18 696 0.05 0.04 697 0.16 0.20 698 0.19 0.17 699 0.07 0.19 700 0.03 0.92 701 0.05 0.20 702 0.41 0.30 703 0.45 0.11 704 >5 Ki 0.34 Ki 1.33 Ki 705 >5 Ki 0.71 Ki 1.50 Ki 706 0.48 Ki 707 0.55 Ki 708 0.49 Ki 709 0.89 Ki 710 >5 Ki 0.36 Ki 1.09 Ki 711 0.82 Ki 712 1.95 Ki 713 0.23 Ki 714 >5 Ki 0.59 Ki 715 >5 Ki 0.15 Ki 0.56 Ki 716 >5 Ki 0.47 Ki 1.31 Ki 717 >5 Ki 0.33 Ki 1.32 Ki 718 >5 Ki 0.03 Ki 0.48 Ki 719 >5 Ki 0.17 Ki 0.64 Ki 720 >5 Ki 0.16 Ki 0.57 Ki 721 >5 Ki 0.17 Ki 0.59 Ki 722 0.44 0.48 723 0.83 0.08 726 0.53 Ki 0.005 Ki 0.04 Ki 727 >5 Ki 0.21 Ki 0.12 Ki 728 >5 Ki 0.14 Ki 0.08 Ki 729 0.35 Ki 0.01 Ki 0.003 Ki 733 >5 Ki 0.07 Ki 0.08 Ki 734 >5 Ki 1.93 Ki >5 Ki

EXAMPLE 69 In Vitro Assay Filtration Binding Assay, Dopamine

The assay was used to measure the binding of representative compounds to D2 receptor, with appropriate selection and substitution of cell membrane and radiolabeled ligand. The following cell membranes and ligands were used for the determination of binding to the respective D2 receptor.

-   -   Dopamine: 0.4 μg/well of membrane from cos-7 cell which has been         transfected with cloned human Dopamine, Spiperone-I125 ligand at         150 μM final

Both membrane and ligand were diluted such that a 25 μl addition delivered the necessary amount per well, as noted above. Both membrane and ligand were diluted in TNE buffer. The TNE buffer was a mixture of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH=7.4, 5 mM EDTA and 50 mM NaCl. Each test compound was diluted to a concentration from 10 μM to 1 μM with 100% DMSO. To each well of a 96 well plate was added 140 μL of TNE buffer, 10 μL of the diluted test compound in DMSO, 25 μL of spiperone and 25 μL of membrane.

The plate was incubated on a rotating shaker for 1 hour at room temperature. The plate was filtered over GF/C Filterplates, prewetted in 0.03% polyethleneimine, in Filtermate 196 apparatus (Packard). The plate was then washed 6 times with ORL-1 buffer in the filtration apparatus and dried in vacuum oven for 1 hour at a temperature of 50° C.

To each well was then added 25 μL Microscint 20 (Packard) (to solubilize bound radioactivity) and each well counted in a Packard TopCount for 1 minute/well using counting parameters optimized for the particular radioligand/opioid receptor being tested. Percent radioactive ligand bound in each reaction was calculated relative to a control using DMSO for maximum binding (no inhibition). Curves were fitted and Ki determined using Graphpad Prizm software (v3.0).

Representative compounds of the present invention were tested according to the procedure outlined above with results as listed in Table 14.

TABLE 14 ID # IC₅₀ (nM) 422 2208 424 278.2 426 >10,000 430 >10,000 433 3520 439 2334 440 1517 442 3229 327 387.5

EXAMPLE 70 Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Spontaneous Locomotor Activity (SMA)

-   (Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File. S. E. and Briley, M., J Neurosci     Methods, (1985) 14, 149-167)

The procedure used in the EPM was based on the natural aversion of rodents to explore brightly illuminated open and high places, as well as their innate tendency for thigmotaxis. When rats are placed on the elevated-plus maze, they have a normal tendency to remain in the enclosed arms of the maze and avoid venturing into the open arms. Animals treated with typical or atypical anxiolytics show an increase in the percentage of time spent (% Time) and/or the percentage of entries made (% Entries) into the open arms.

The spontaneous locomotor activity test (SMA) was an automated procedure for measuring the effect of a test compound on spontaneous motor activity in an open-field. A drug-induced decrease in spontaneous horizontal or vertical motor activity is regarded as an indication of sedation.

Animals

Male Long-Evans Hooded rats weighing 180 to 200 grams were purchased from Charles River Inc (Portage Mich.). The rats were housed in groups of four at an ambient temperature of 21 to 23° C. in a room with an automated 12/12 hour light/dark cycle, and access to water and a commercial rodent food ad libitum.

EPM Test Apparatus

Each black plastic maze had two open arms and two arms with 40 cm high walls (enclosed arms) of equal 50 cm length extending from the center at right angles, such that arms of similar type are opposite each other. Each plus-maze was elevated approximately 60 cm above the floor. Infrared photo-beams that cross the entrance of each arm and the center of the maze detected the exploratory activity of an animal in the maze. Rats were divided into groups (N=8 to 12) and test compound or vehicle was administered either orally (p.o.) by gavage in a dose volume equivalent to 5 mL/kg or intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a dose volume of 1 mL/kg. One hour after dosing (for P.O. administration) or 30 minutes after dosing (for i.p. administration), rats were placed on an open arm of the plus-maze facing the center. The 10 minute test was initiated when the rat enters the center of the apparatus. Data collection was automated.

SMA Test Apparatus

The test apparatus consisted of a plastic cubicle (42.0 cm in length; 42.0 cm in width and 30.5 cm height) that was placed in the center of a main frame. Photocell sensors (16 beams from front to back and 16 beams from side to side) were built into the sides of the frame for monitoring horizontal movement. The photocells were located at right angles to each other, projecting horizontal infrared beams of light 2.5 cm apart and 3 cm above the floor to measure horizontal activity, and 2.5 cm apart and 14 cm above the floor to measure vertical activity. Rats were divided into groups (N=8 to 12). Test compound or vehicle was administered either orally (p.o.) by gavage in a dose volume equivalent to 5 mL/kg or intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a dose volume of 1 mL/kg. At 50 minutes after p.o. administration or at 20 minutes after i.p. administration, each rat was placed into a separate plastic cubicle, and spontaneous exploratory activity was recorded for 10 minutes. Horizontal activity and vertical movements of the rats were recorded by counting the number of times the beams of light were interrupted (horizontal and vertical counts). Collection of the data and preliminary data analysis was automated.

Combined SMA/EPM Test Procedure

All animals were tested in the SMA 50 minutes after drug administration, for a 10 minute test session. Upon completion of the SMA test, the same animals were immediately placed on the EPM for a 10 minute test session.

Test Compounds

The test compound was dissolved in polyethylene glycol, molecular weight 200 (PEG-200) for i.p. administration. Test compound was suspended in an aqueous vehicle (MC) comprised of 0.5% Methylcellulose for p.o. administration.

Derivation and Analysis of EPM Data

Anxiolytic activity of a test compound in the EPM was quantified using two parameters. The percent of total time spent by a rat in one of the two open arms of the apparatus (% open arm time) was calculated as 100×(time on open arms)/(total time of test session)

The number of times a rat entered the open arms relative to the total entries into all arms and the center area (% open arm entries) was calculated as 100×(entries into open arms)/(entries into open and closed arms, plus center)

A test compound was considered active in rats whose % open arm time or % open arm entries was significantly greater than in rats that received vehicle. Data was analyzed for statistical significance between drug and vehicle-treated groups via one tailed Mann-Whitney T-Test. If the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05) that an increase in the % open arm time and/or % open arm entries in the drug-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated group was due to chance, then the dose of the test compound was considered active.

The total number of entries into all arms and the center of the EPM was recorded as part of the automated data collection in this test. This information (total entries) served as a measure of spontaneous motor activity on the EPM. Compounds with sedative activity reduced the total number of entries in the EPM test. A test compound was considered to have sedative activity in rats whose total entries were significantly less than in rats that received vehicle. Data was analyzed for statistical significance between drug and vehicle-treated groups via one tailed Mann-Whitney T-Test. If the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05) that a decrease in the total entries in the drug-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated group was due to chance, then the dose of the test compound was considered to be a dose at which the compound produces sedation.

Derivation and Analysis of SMA Data

A test compound was considered sedative in rats whose horizontal activity (HA) or vertical movements (VM, rearing) counts were significantly less than that in vehicle-treated rats. HA data was analyzed for statistical significance between drug and vehicle-treated groups that were administered either the vehicle or each dose of the test compound by a one-way analysis of variance. Then Dunnett's multiple comparison method was used to test for a reduction (p<0.05, 1-tailed) in the average number of HA counts or VM counts in drug-treated groups, compared to a concurrently run vehicle-treated group. If the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05) that a decrease in HA and/or VM in the drug-treated group compared to a concurrently run vehicle-treated group was due to chance, then the dose of the test compound was considered to have sedative activity. Mann-Whitney T-Test was used in cases where the distribution of the data was non-gaussian.

Representative compounds of the present invention were tested according to the EPM and SMA procedures described above, with results as listed in Table 15-19, below. Statistical significance (P<0.05) was determined using a Mann-Whitney U Test (one-tailed); NS indicates results were not statistically significant.

TABLE 15 EPM and SMA Assay Results Acute (30 min) Intraperitoneal Administration Compound #64 (*) % Open % Open Dosage Arm Arm Total Horizontal Vertical mg/kg, i.p. Time Entries Entries Activity Movement (# Animals) Statistics (EPM) (EPM) (EPM) (SMA) (SMA) Vehicle Mean S.E.M. 8.92 ± 1.65 5.50 ± 0.86 94.8 ± 4.11 3210 ± 158 50.0 ± 2.82 (PEG-200) % Change  0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 0.0%  0.0% (40) 0.03 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 9.21 ± 2.14 5.92 ± 1.17 95.7 ± 2.73 3259 ± 169 49.8 ± 2.37 (28) % Change  3.2%  7.6% 0.95% 1.5% −0.4% P-value NS NS NS NS NS  0.1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 15.3 ± 1.97 10.6 ± 1.17 95.4 ± 3.91 3845 ± 200 55.7 ± 2.72 (32) % Change 71.5% 92.7% 0.63% 19.8%  11.4% P-value 0.0053 0.0004 NS 0.0091 NS  0.3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 13.7 ± 1.96 7.86 ± 0.87 99.7 ± 3.60 3561 ± 181 58.0 ± 2.69 (32) % Change 53.6% 42.9%  5.2% 10.9%  16.0% P-value 0.0159 0.0146 NS NS 0.0270   1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 14.0 ± 2.11 7.78 ± 0.89 94.8 ± 3.73 3611 ± 184 53.8 ± 1.83 (32) % Change 57.0% 41.4%  0.0% 12.5%   7.6% P-value 0.0155 0.0099 NS NS NS   3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 11.2 ± 1.86 7.38 ± 1.00 90.8 ± 3.90 3449 ± 172 51.1 ± 2.14 (28) % Change 25.6% 34.2% −4.2% 7.4%  2.2% P-value NS NS NS NS NS   10 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 11.8 ± 4.03 7.36 ± 1.85 86.8 ± 6.91 2803 ± 165 46.9 ± 3.72 (8) % Change 32.3% 38.8% −8.4% −12.7%  −6.2% P-value NS NS NS NS NS (*) Compound #64 was also tested in the SMA and EPM assays, using oral administration, but found to be inactive.

TABLE 16 EPM and SMA Assay Results Acute (1 hr) Oral Administration - Mixture 3 Parts Compound #422 (*): 1 Part Compound #438 % Open % Open Dosage Arm Arm Total Horizontal Vertical mg/kg, p.o. Time Entries Entries Activity Movement (# Animals) Statistics (EPM) (EPM) (EPM) (SMA) (SMA) Vehicle Mean S.E.M. 9.61 ± 1.04 6.59 ± 0.59 102.0 ± 3.02  3085 ± 129 50.7 ± 1.27 (0.5% % Change  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 0.0% Methylcellulose) (80) 0.03 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 7.80 ± 1.82 5.53 ± 1.00 88.3 ± 5.25 3307 ± 240 53.6 ± 2.41 (16) % Change −18.8%  −16.1%  13.4%  7.2% 5.7% P-value NS NS 0.0235 NS NS  0.1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 11.5 ± 1.97 7.73 ± 1.04  101 ± 3.56 3467 ± 165 59.4 ± 2.50 (32) % Change 19.7% 17.3% −1.0% 12.4% 17.2%  P-value NS NS NS 0.0077 0.0011  0.3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 12.1 ± 1.38 7.85 ± 0.64 98.7 ± 2.26 3397 ± 150 53.7 ± 1.68 (56) % Change 25.9% 19.1% −3.2% 10.1% 5.9% P-value NS 0.0444 NS 0.0227 0.0408   1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 14.0 ± 1.68 9.55 ± 0.75 99.7 ± 3.34 3645 ± 164 55.7 ± 1.83 (48) % Change 45.7% 44.9% −2.3% 18.2% 9.9% P-value 0.0082 0.0009 NS 0.0015 0.0180   3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 14.0 ± 1.44 8.88 ± 0.70 102.0 ± 2.23  3621 ± 188 55.0 ± 1.81 (48) % Change 45.7% 34.7%  0.0% 17.4% 8.5% P-value 0.0032 0.0043 NS 0.0051 0.0338   10 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 17.0 ± 1.51 10.3 ± 0.77 97.6 ± 3.06 3207 ± 124 51.5 ± 1.51 (56) % Change 76.9% 56.3% −4.3%  4.0% 1.6% P-value P < 0.0001 P < 0.0001 NS NS NS   30 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 10.6 ± 1.55 8.90 ± 1.16 80.7 ± 4.20 2741 ± 171 46.3 ± 2.39 (24) % Change 10.3% 35.1% −20.9%  −11.2%  −8.7%  P-value NS 0.0197 P < 0.0001 NS 0.0091 (*) Compound #422 was also tested in the SMA and EPM assays, using oral administration, but was found to be inactive.

TABLE 17 EPM and SMA Assay Results Acute (1 hr) Oral Administration Compound #424 (†) % Open % Open Dosage Arm Arm Total Horizontal Vertical mg/kg, p.o. Time Entries Entries Activity Movement (# Animals) Statistics (EPM) (EPM) (EPM) (SMA) (SMA) Vehicle Mean S.E.M. 5.76 ± 1.50 5.48 ± 1.21 96.7 ± 4.65 2881 ± 208 49.1 ± 3.28 (0.5% Methyl- % Change  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0% cellulose) (24) 0.3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 9.80 ± 2.09 7.33 ± 1.09 90.0 ± 4.90 3033 ± 232 54.6 ± 3.11 (24) % Change 70.1% 33.8% −6.9%  5.3% 11.2% P-value 0.0206 NS NS NS NS   1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 9.76 ± 1.83 7.49 ± 1.28 91.5 ± 3.11 2752 ± 188 50.3 ± 3.65 (24) % Change 69.4% 36.7% −5.3% −4.5%  2.4% P-value NS NS NS NS NS   3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 10.1 ± 1.83 7.92 ± 1.15 96.3 ± 3.43 3300 ± 145 56.8 ± 2.35 (24) % Change 75.3% 44.5% −0.4% 14.5% 15.7% P-value 0.0426 0.0398 NS 0.0239 NS  10 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 7.54 ± 1.75 7.49 ± 1.32 102.6 ± 4.63  2588 ± 215 44.2 ± 3.32 (24) % Change 30.9% 36.7%  6.1% −10.2%  −10.1%  P-value NS NS NS NS NS (†) Compound #424 was also tested in the SMA and EPM assays, using intraperotineal administration, with the following results.

In the rat EPM, at doses of 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg, Compound #424 produced significant increases in percent open arm time (P<0.04;) with peak activity occurring at doses 0.1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg (97.5:% increase as compared to vehicle). At doses of 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg, and 10.0 mg/kg Compound #424 also produced significant increases in percent open arm entries (P<0.03) with peak activity occurring at 3.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg doses (205% and 237% increase as compared to from vehicle, respectively). Compound #424 significantly reduced the total number of entries into various zones of the maze at doses 1.0 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg (18.6%, 60.3%, and 76.7% reductions, respectively).

In the rat SMA, at doses of 3.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg, Compound #424 produced significant reductions (55% and 83.7% reductions, respectively) in horizontal activity (P<0.001; Dunnett's multiple comparison test). At doses of 1.0 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg (17.8%, 73.4%, 93.9% reductions, respectively) Compound #424 produced significant reductions (P<0.05; Dunnett's multiple comparison test) in the number of vertical movements (rearing behavior).

TABLE 18 EPM and SMA Assay Results Acute (1 hr) Oral Administration of Compound #438 % Open % Open Dosage Arm Arm Total Horizontal Vertical mg/kg, p.o. Time Entries Entries Activity Movement (# Aminals) Statistics (EPM) (EPM) (EPM) (SMA) (SMA) Vehicle Mean S.E.M. 8.21 ± 1.18 5.78 ± 0.532 101.0 ± 3.81 3244 ± 168 48.7 ± 1.85 0.5% Methyl- % Change  0.0%  0.0% 0.0% 0.0%  0.0% cellulose (40) 0.03 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 6.67 ± 1.59 5.14 ± 0.984 102.0 ± 3.67 3565 ± 216 54.8 ± 2.75 (24) % Change −18.8%  −11.1 % 1.0% 9.9% 12.5% P-value NS NS NS NS NS  0.1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 12.1 ± 1.92 7.77 ± 0.913 103 ± 3.81 3435 ± 160 53.1 ± 2.25 (24) % Change 47.4% 34.4% 2.0% 5.9%  9.0% P-value 0.0434 0.0352 NS NS NS  0.3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 13.8 ± 1.56 8.95 ± 0.891  99.8 ± 3.64 3450 ± 155 51.7 ± 2.36 (24) % Change 68.1% 54.8% −1.2%  6.4%  6.2% P-value 0.0038 0.0010 NS NS NS   1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 14.8 ± 2.13 9.95 ± 1.23  103.0 ± 4.08 3772 ± 170 56.6 ± 2.32 (24) % Change 80.3% 72.1% 2.0% 16.3%  16.2% P-value 0.0053 0.0025 NS NS NS   3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 12.4 ± 1.73 8.34 ± 1.02  101.0 ± 4.75 3502 ± 223 55.3 ± 2.17 (24) % Change 51.0% 44.3% 0.0% 8.0% 13.6% P-value 0.0170 0.0336 NS NS NS   10 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 8.14 ± 1.30 6.42 ± 0.856  94.5 ± 3.41 3115 ± 168 54.5 ± 1.73 (24) % Change  0.9% 11.1% −6.4%  −4.0%  11.9% P-value 0.3644 NS NS NS NS   30 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 3.21 ± 1.76 6.65 ± 2.28   86.3 ± 6.40 2730 ± 185 45.3 ± 3.34 (7/8) % Change −60.9%  15.1% −14.6%  −15.8%  −7.0% P-value 0.0486 NS NS NS NS

TABLE 19 EPM and SMA Assay Results Sub-Chroinc (8-day/once a day) Oral Administration Compound #438 % Open % Open Dosage Arm Arm Total Horizontal Vertical mg/kg, p.o. Time Entries Entries Activity Movement # Aninals Statistics (EPM) (EPM) (EPM) (SMA) (SMA) Vehicle Mean S.E.M. 7.96 ± 1.87 6.53 ± 1.05  101.0 ± 4.72 3451 ± 196 54.6 ± 3.35 (0.5% methyl- % Change  0.0%  0.0% 0.0%  0.0% 0.0% cellulose) (16) 0.1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 17.2 ± 1.84 9.17 ± 0.931 102 ± 4.82 3813 ± 170 62.9 ± 1.75 (16) % Change 116.1% 40.4% 1.0% 10.5% 15.2%  P-value 0.0012 0.0338 NS NS NS 0.3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 21.8 ± 1.8  11.8 ± 0.891  99.1 ± 5.56 4390 ± 253 61.1 ± 3.61 (16) % Change 173.9% 80.7% −1.9%  27.2% 11.9%  P-value P < 0.0001 0.0007 NS P < 0.05 NS   1 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 15.1 ± 1.96 9.57 ± 1.12   99.6 ± 3.42 3979 ± 151 59.5 ± 2.53 (16) % Change  89.7% 46.6% −1.4%  15.3% 9.0% P-value 0.0064 0.0007 NS NS NS   3 Mg/Kg Mean S.E.M. 16.9 ± 2.9  9.0 ± 1.21 106.0 ± 4.42 4253 ± 306 59.9 ± 3.47 (16) % Change 112.3% 37.8% 5.0% 23.2% 9.7% P-value 0.0047 0.0367 NS P < 0.05 NS

EXAMPLE 71 In Vivo Study Vogel Rat Conflict Assay

-   -   (Vogel, J. R., et al., Psychopharmacology, (1971), 21, 1)

This behavioral assay assesses the anxiolytic activity of a test compound by determining the ability of rats to release (disinhibit) behavior that has been suppressed by punishment.

Method

Male adult rats were deprived of water for 48 hours and were deprived of food for 24 hours prior to testing. After the first 24 hours of water deprivation, the rats were placed in the conflict chamber for a training period; during which time the rats were allowed 200 unpunished licks from a bottle containing tap water. The experiment was run the following day. The rats were dosed with the test compound orally by gavage or intraperitoneally (i.p.). At the expected time of peak activity (30 minutes for i.p administration and 60 min for oral administration), the rats were placed in the conflict chamber and were allowed access to tap water. If they failed to drink, the experiment was terminated in 5 min, and the animals were evaluated for signs of CNS depression. The first lick initiated a 3 min test session. Subsequently, every 20^(th) lick was punished with an 0.2 sec, 0.6 milliampere (RMS) shock delivered via the stainless steel drinking tube. Vehicle treated control animals were generally willing to accept a median of 3 to 8 shocks per test session. Animals treated with an active anxiolytic drug tolerated significantly more shocks than control animals. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann-Whitney U-test) was used to test for an increase (p<0.05, 1 tailed) in the median number of shocks in the drug treated group compared with a concurrently run control treated group. The assay was considered to be valid if the effects of a known anxiolytic (a positive control) were detected within the same experiment. A test compound was considered active if there was a significant difference in the median number of shocks tolerated between the drug treated and the control group.

Compound #64 and a mixture of three parts Compound #422 to one part Compound 438 (denoted as “CMPD mix” in the table below) were tested according to the procedure described above, with results as listed in Table 20, below. No./Group indicates the number of animals tested for the listed dosage. % increase in mean no of shock is as compared with vehicle. Statistically significant results were those with a Mann-Whitney U Test (one tailed) p value of <0.05.

TABLE 20 % Increase No/ Mean No. Group of Shocks P Value Dose (mg/kg, i.p.) PEG-200 (Vehicle) 0 25 0 — Compound #64 0.3 8 −10% 0.3294 Compound #64 1 24 25% 0.3480 Compound #64 3 24 96% 0.0692 Compound #64 10 22 150% 0.0002 Compound #64 30 8 −26% 0.5000 Dose (mg/kg, p.o.) 0.5% Methylcellulose 0 17 0 — (Vehicle) CMPD mix 0.3 8 8% 0.3304 CMPD mix 1 8 39% 0.4418 CMPD mix 3 8 47% 0.0425 CMPD mix 10 18 54% 0.1634 CMPD mix 30 12 47% 0.0327

EXAMPLE 72 Stress Induced Hyperthermia in Vivo Assay Procedure

Male Long-Evans Hooded rats weighing 180 to 200 grams at the time of purchase were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Raleigh, N.C.). Upon arrival, the animals were group housed four per cage in quarantine for 5 days in wire-mesh cages at an ambient temperature of 21 to 23° C. with an automated 12/12 hour light/dark cycle and ad libitum access to water and a commercial rodent chow. The rats were then transferred to a general housing room for a one-week acclimation with housing and environmental conditions, and 12/12 hour light/dark cycle conditions. Animals were fasted overnight (18 hours) prior to experiment.

On the day of experiment, group-housed (4/group) Long-Evans Hooded rats were divided into various treatment groups (N=8 to 32) and test compound at 0.03-3.0 mg/kg or vehicle was administered orally (p.o.) by gavage in a dose volume equivalent to 5 mL/kg. One hour after dosing, baseline rectal temperatures were recorded for each rat. Rats were then immediately isolated in shoebox cages with ALPHA-DRY bedding. Rectal temperatures were then recorded at 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min after isolation (i.e, 1 hr 15 min, 1 hr 30 min, and 1 hr 45 minutes after test compound or vehicle administration). All experiments were conducted during the light cycle. After completion of the behavioral portion of the study, each animal was killed via decapitation using a guillotine and trunk blood was collected in 5 mL vacutainer tube containing EDTA and placed on ice. The samples were then centrifuged at 3800 RPM for 10 minutes and plasma was removed and placed on dry ice in an Eppendorff sample tube. Plasma samples were stored at −80° C. and later used for determining ACTH, corticosterone, and glucose levels. Plasma samples were outsourced to Anilytics, Inc. for determination of plasma levels of ACTH, coricosterone, and glucose. A Mann-Whitney U t-test (one-tailed) was used for statistical analysis of behavioral data and an unpaired t-test (one-tailed) was used for analysis of plasma ACTH, corticosterone, and glucose levels.

Results

Compound #438 was suspended in an aqueous vehicle comprised of 0.5% (w/v) methylcellulose (15 centipoises) solution.

Rats treated with Compound #438 showed an attenuation of rectal temperature in the SIH model as described above, at 0.03 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg, with measured temperatures and p values as listed in Table 21. In the Table below, the abbreviation “S.E.M.” represents the standard error of the mean and the abbreviation “N.S.” indicates that the p value indicated that any measured difference in temperature was not statistically significant.

TABLE 21 Compound Temp. ° C. Temp. ° C. Temp. ° C. Temp. ° C. (dose) 0 (Basal) 15 min 30 min 45 min Vehicle Mean S.E.M. 37.4 ± 0.12  38.7 ± 0.062 38.9 ± 0.053 38.9 ± 0.049 P-value Cmpd #438 Mean S.E.M. 37.5 ± 0.166  38.7 ± 0.0707 38.6 ± 0.139 38.4 ± 0.128 (0.03 mg/kg) P-value NS NS 0.0188 0.0018 Cmpd #438 Mean S.E.M. 37.2 ± 0.119 38.4 ± 0.093 38.5 ± 0.101 38.5 ± 0.125 (0.1 Mg/Kg) P-value NS 0.0139 0.0011  0.0098 Cmpd #438 Mean S.E.M. 37.4 ± 0.121  38.4 ± 0.0873  38.5 ± 0.0782  38.3 ± 0.0853 (0.3 Mg/Kg) P-value NS 0.0068 <0.0001  <0.0001 Cmpd #438 Mean S.E.M. 37.1 ± 0.105 38.4 ± 0.108  38.5 ± 0.0856 38.2 ± 0.109 (1.0 Mg/Kg) P-value 0.0280 0.0148 <0.0001  <0.0001 Cmpd #438 Mean S.E.M.  37.0 ± 0.0949 38.2 ± 0.146 38.4 ± 0.124 38.2 ± 0.131 (3.0 Mg/Kg) P-value 0.0121 0.0011 0.0002 <0.0001

Plasma stress hormone levels for rats treated with Compound #438 showed a 25% reduction in plasma ACTH levels at 0.3 mg/kg, the reduction calculated to be statistically significant (P=0.0170). Changes in the plasma levels of corticosterone were not statistically significant.

EXAMPLE 73 Tissue Distribution Assay Procedure

Male Long-Evans Hooded rats weighing 180 to 200 grams at the time of purchase were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Portage, Mich.). Upon arrival, the animals were group housed four per cage in quarantine for 5 days in wire-mesh cages at an ambient temperature of 21 to 23° C. with an automated 12/12 hour light/dark cycle and ad libitum access to water and a commercial rodent chow. The rats were then transferred to a general housing room for a one-week acclimation with housing and environmental conditions, and 12/12 hour light/dark cycle conditions. Animals were fasted overnight (18 hours) prior to experiment.

On the day of experiment, two Long-Evans Hooded rats were treated orally with a vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose) and eight rats were treated orally with 10.0 mg/kg of Compound #438. Five hours after drug administration, each treated animal was killed via decapitation using a guillotine, trunk blood was collected and the following tissues were harvested for analysis of compound distribution in the following tissues/systems: (1) brain regions including the cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus and hippocampus, (2) heart, (3) lung, (4) kidney, (5) liver, (6) spleen, (7) adrenal glands, (8) small intestines, (9) large intestines, (10) muscle, as well as (11) whole blood and (12) plasma.

Whole blood and plasma samples were prepared for analysis as follows. 400 μL of acetonitrile containing 1 μM internal standard (propranolol) was added to 200 μL of plasma or whole blood to precipitate proteins. Samples were centrifuged at 5000 g for 5 minutes and supernatant removed for analysis by LC-MS. 400 μL of water was added to adjust sample solvent strength and prevent peak splitting. Calibration standards were prepared by adding appropriate volumes of stock solution directly into plasma and treated identically to collected plasma samples. LC-MS analysis was performed using MRM for detection of characteristic ions for each test compound and internal standard.

Tissue samples were prepared for analysis as follows. Individual tissue samples were extracted with 2 mLs of ethanol if the tissue weight was 1 gram or less. A volume of ethanol in milliliters equal to twice the weight in grams was added if the tissue weight was greater than 1 gram. The extracts were centrifuged to precipitate solids and the supernatant was transferred to clean Eppendorf tubes. 200 μL of this was transferred to autosampler vials and 20 μL of acetonitrile containing 1 μM internal standard (propranolol) was added for analysis by LC/MS. Calibration standards were prepared using an equivalent volume of tissue extract at 2 ml per gram from undosed or vehicle dosed animals. The extracts from brain tissue were concentrated in order to achieve lower detection limits(<1 nM). For these, 20 μL of 1 μM propranolol in acetonitrile was added to 700 μL of extract and blown to dryness under nitrogen. These were then reconstituted in 100 μL of 1:1::acetonitrile:water and analyzed by LC/MS. Calibration standards were prepared in blank extract and treated exactly as samples.

Measured values within the various samples were as listed in Table 22 and 23, for vehicle and Compound #438 treated rats, respectively. Results are reported in μmoles/kg or ng/g as appropriate converting the sample concentrations based on extraction solvent/tissue ratio. These units are on the same scale as μmoles/l or ng/ml as typically reported for plasma and can be used for comparison. Detection of analytes down to 0.005 μmoles/kg were typical for the LC-MS used.

TABLE 22 Vehicle (Control) Animal 9 (Vehicle) Animal 10 (Vehicle) μM μM/kg μM μM/kg Cortex 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Cerebellum 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Hypothalamus 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Hippocampus 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Heart 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Lung 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Liver 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Spleen 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Kidney 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Adrenal Glands 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Lr intestine 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Sm Intestine 0.011 0.027 0.000 0.000 Muscle 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Plasma 0.000 0.000 Whole Blood 0.000 0.000

TABLE 23 Compound #438 Tissue Concentration Animal 1 Animal 2 Animal 3 μM μM/kg μM μM/kg μM μM/kg Cortex 0.0062 0.030 0.0047 0.020 0.0047 0.030 Cerebellum 0.0402 0.161 0.014 0.090 0.0189 0.140 Hypothalamus 0.0124 0.413 0.0055 0.367 0.0064 0.427 Hippocampus 0.0195 0.650 0.0021 0.070 0.0009 0.030 Heart 2.036 4.072 2.485 5.144 2.346 4.692 Lung 5.821 15.119 4.737 12.632 5.153 13.741 Liver 6.664 13.257 6.409 12.785 4.632 9.294 Spleen 9.140 25.389 7.232 17.857 7.163 23.106 Kidney 3.747 7.546 4.031 8.062 4.123 8.027 Adrenal Glands 0.967 24.175 0.988 28.229 1.289 28.644 Lg intestine 4.518 9.036 12.478 29.019 30.593 59.694 Sm Intestine 21.836 53.916 27.120 84.750 17.359 48.219 Muscle 0.919 1.814 0.688 1.371 0.791 1.560 Plasma 0.419 0.426 0.360 Whole Blood 0.166 0.147 0.135 Animal 4 Animal 5 Animal 6 μM μM/kg μM μM/kg μM μM/kg Cortex 0.0026 0.0130 0.0038 0.017 0.0023 0.010 Cerebellum 0.0045 0.0350 0.0026 0.019 0.0101 0.067 Hypothalamus 0.0062 1.2400 0.0030 0.200 0.0036 0.360 Hippocampus 0.0140 0.2550 0.005 0.200 0.002 0.010 Heart 1.664 3.328 1.785 3.471 2.478 4.878 Lung 4.361 11.629 3.533 7.438 5.290 20.346 Liver 3.879 7.758 4.006 7.861 5.090 10.180 Spleen 5.207 13.703 6.730 19.229 7.742 26.697 Kidney 3.841 7.570 3.993 7.791 4.718 9.523 Adrenal Glands 1.088 31.086 1.075 26.875 1.487 59.480 Lr intestine 2.231 6.562 24.916 56.627 9.584 26.622 Sm Intestine 13.898 38.077 16.743 41.858 14.131 56.524 Muscle 0.651 1.280 0.917 1.754 0.977 1.954 Plasma 0.289 0.183 0.174 Whole Blood 0.088 0.469 0.266 Animal 7 Animal 8 μM μM/kg μM μM/kg Cortex 0.0055 0.025 0.0139 0.062 Cerebellum 0.0138 0.095 0.0102 0.068 Hypothalamus 0.0101 0.673 0.0027 0.180 Hippocampus 0.0065 0.217 0.0019 0.190 Heart 1.572 2.977 2.083 4.261 Lung 5.655 15.930 6.189 11.902 Liver 5.887 10.398 5.677 11.120 Spleen 8.062 29.859 9.205 28.766 Kidney 4.109 7.645 4.750 8.782 Adrenal Glands 1.267 42.233 1.946 64.867 Lr intestine 33.756 68.194 5.070 9.941 Sm Intestine 25.408 72.594 13.018 39.448 Muscle 0.882 1.707 1.509 3.006 Plasma 0.268 0.470 Whole Blood 0.061 0.093

EXAMPLE 74 Oral Formulation

As a specific embodiment of an oral composition, 100 mg of the compound #438 is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size 0 hard gel capsule.

While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of the present invention, with examples provided for the purpose of illustration, it will be understood that the practice of the invention encompasses all of the usual variations, adaptations and/or modifications as come within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents. 

1-21. (canceled)
 22. A method of treating a disorder mediated by the ORL-1 receptor, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)

wherein R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

each R^(A) and R^(B) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; each R^(C) and R^(D) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C₁₋₄alkyl; each R^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; X is —NR¹R²; each R¹ and R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₈alkoxy, C₁₋₈alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocylyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkoxy, —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl, —C(O)O-aryl, —C(O)O-arC₁₋₄alkyl and —C(O)O-(partially unsaturated carbocyclyl); wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl, cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl or arC₁₋₈alkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, —C(O)—C₁₋₁₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E))—C(O)C(CH₃)₃, —C₁₋₄alkyl-N(R^(E))—C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl and —N(R^(E))—C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted heteroarylaminosulfonyl or C₁₋₆alkylthio; R³ is aryl; wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂; n is an integer from 0 to 2; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; m is an integer from 0 to 1; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl and acenaphthyl; p is an integer from 0 to 5; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²; q is 0; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷; L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₁₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₁₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the disorder mediated by the ORL-1 receptor is selected from the group consisting of anxiety, depression, panic, mania, dementia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, acute pain, chronic pain, migraine, asthma, cough, psychosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hypertension, obesity, eating disorders, cravings, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, urinary incontinence, adrenal disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, improved cognition, improved memory and mood stabilization.
 24. The method of claim 22 for treating a disorder mediated by the ORL-1 receptor, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 25. A method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of anxiety, depression, panic, mania, dementia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, acute pain, chronic pain, migraine, asthma, cough, psychosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hypertension, obesity, eating disorders, cravings, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, urinary incontinence, adrenal disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, improved cognition, improved memory and mood stabilization, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)

wherein R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

each R^(A) and R^(B) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; each R^(C) and R^(D) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C₁₋₄alkyl; each R^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; X is —NR¹R²; each R¹ and R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₈alkoxy, C₁₋₈alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocylyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkoxy, —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl, —C(O)O-aryl, —C(O)O-arC₁₋₄alkyl and —C(O)O-(partially unsaturated carbocyclyl); wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl, cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl or arC₁₋₈alkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, —C(O)—C₁₋₁₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E))—C(O)C(CH₃)₃, —C₁₋₄alkyl-N(R^(E))—C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl and —N(R^(E))—C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted heteroarylaminosulfonyl or C₁₋₆alkylthio; R³ is aryl; wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂; n is an integer from 0 to 2; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; m is an integer from 0 to 1; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl and acenaphthyl; p is an integer from 0 to 5; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²; q is 0; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷; L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₁₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₁₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 26. The use of a compound for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of (a) anxiety, (b) depression, (c) panic, (d) mania, (e) dementia, (f) bipolar disorder, (g) substance abuse, (h) neuropathic pain, (i) acute pain, (j) chronic pain, (k) migraine, (l) asthma, (m) cough, (n) psychosis, (o) schizophrenia, (p) epilepsy, (q) hypertension, (r) obesity, (s) eating disorders, (t) cravings, (u) diabetes, (v) cardiac arrhythmia, (w) irritable bowel syndrome, (x) Crohn's disease, (y) urinary incontinence, (z) adrenal disorders, (aa) attention deficit disorder (ADD), (bb) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (cc) Alzheimer's disease, for (dd) improved cognition, (ee) improved memory or (ff) mood stabilization, in a subject in need thereof wherein a compound of the formula (I)

wherein R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

each R^(A) and R^(B) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; each R^(C) and R^(D) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C₁₋₄alkyl; each R^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; X is —NR¹R²; each R¹ and R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₈alkoxy, C₁₋₈alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocylyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkoxy, —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl, —C(O)O-aryl, —C(O)O-arC₁₋₄alkyl and —C(O)O-(partially unsaturated carbocyclyl); wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl, cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl or arC₁₋₈alkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E))—C(O)C(CH₃)₃, —C₁₋₄alkyl-N(R^(E))—C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl and —N(R^(E))—C(O)O—C₁₋₁₄alkyl, aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted heteroarylaminosulfonyl or C₁₋₆alkylthio; R³ is aryl; wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂; n is an integer from 0 to 2; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; m is an integer from 0 to 1; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl and acenaphthyl; p is an integer from 0 to 5; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²; q is 0; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷; L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein: R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

each R^(C) and R^(D) is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; X is —NR¹R²; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, arC₁₋₁₄alkyl, arC₁₋₁₄alkyloxy, cycloalkyl-alkyl and C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₁₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E))—C(O)OC(CH₃)₃, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl-aminosulfonyl or C₁₋₄alkylthio; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkyloxy, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl and —C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₁₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₁₄alkyl, (CH₃)₃COC(O)—N(R^(E))—C₁₋₄-alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl substituted heteroaryl-aminosulfonyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₁₄alkyl or C₁₋₁₄alkylthio; R³ is aryl; wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂; n is an integer from 0 to 1; L¹ is C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₄alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₄alkoxy; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—N(R^(E))₂, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 28. The method of claim 22, wherein: R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

each R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) and R^(D) is hydrogen; X is —NR¹R²; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, arC₁₋₄alkyl and C(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl or aryl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂ or N(R^(E))—C(O)OC(CH₃)₃; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₁₄alkyl, arC₁₋₁₄alkyloxy, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)arC₁₋₄alkyl, —C(O)-cycloalkyl and —C(O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl- or cycloalkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₁₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₁₄alkyl, (CH₃)₃CO—C(O)—N(R^(E))—C₁₋₁₄alkyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, 1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl-aminosulfonyl or C₁₋₄alkylthio; R³ is aryl; wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen; n is 0; L¹ is C₁₋₄alkyl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl and trifluoromethyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 29. The method of claim 27 wherein: R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—X and —CH₂—CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—X; X is —NR¹R²; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, amino-n-propyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, 4-methyl-benzyl,

 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 3-methyl-phenyl, ethoxy-carbonyl-methyl, 2-amino-2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl, t-butoxycarbonyl and

R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, carboxy-methyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, 2,2,2,-triluoroethyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, t-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-propyl, 3-hydroxy-n-propyl, 3-methoxy-n-propyl, methylamino-n-propyl, dimethylamino-n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, t-butoxycarbonylamino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, 3-(2-pyridyl)-n-propyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-((1-phenyl-pyrazol-2-yl)-aminosulfonyl)-phenyl, 4-cyclohexylphenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)phenyl, 4-(t-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-phenyl, —CH(CH₃)-phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl), 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonylbenzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 4-carboxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzyl, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 1-adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl, 1-phenyl-2-(t-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl, —C(O)—C(OCH₃)(CF₃)-phenyl, —C(O)O-(2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyl),

 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-S-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cycloheptyl-methyl, 2-phenoxy-ethyl and 2-phenyl-cyclopropyl; R³ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 4-fluorophenyl; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)— and —CH₂CH₂—;

is selected from the group consisting of 1-acenaphthenyl, R-1-acenaphthenyl, S-1-acenaphthenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthyl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of chloro, methyl, n-propyl and trifluoromethyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein: X is —NR¹R²; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl, phenylethyl,

 3-methyl-phenyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methyl, dimethylamino-ethyl and 2-amino-2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methyl, 2,2,2-triluoroethyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 4-(t-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-phenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)-phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 4-carboxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl,

 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-S-cycloheptyl-methyl and 2-phenoxy-ethyl; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂— and —CH₂—CH₂—;

is selected from the group consisting of 1-acenaphthenyl, R-1-acenaphthenyl, S-1-acenaphthenyl, phenyl- and 1-naphthyl; p is an integer from 0 to 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl, dimethylamino-ethyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methyl,

R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxycarbonyl-methyl, ethoxy, dimethylaminoethyl, n-butyl, n-propyl, di(n-butyl)amino-n-propyl, 3-phenyl-n-propyl, 3-(2-pyridyl)-n-propyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 4-(t-butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-phenyl, 4-biphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 4-(aminoethyl)-phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 3-iodobenzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl, 1-adamantanyl, 1-adamantanyl-methyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl-methyl,

 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclopentyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-methyl, 2S-hydroxy-5-cycloheptyl-methyl and 2-phenoxy-ethyl; p is an integer from 0 to 1; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, n-propyl and trifluoromethyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein: R⁰ is —CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—X; X is —NR¹R²; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-n-ethyl and amino-n-propyl; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, n-butyl, 3-hydroxy-n-propyl, 3-methoxy-n-propyl, methylamino-n-propyl, dimethylamino-n-propyl, t-butoxycarbonylamino-n-propyl, N-methyl-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-amino-n-ethyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl and —CH(CH₃)-phenyl; R³ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 4-fluorophenyl; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂— and —CH₂CH₂—;

is selected from the group consisting 1-naphthyl, 1-acenaphthenyl, R-1-acenaphthenyl and S-1-acenaphthenyl; p is an integer from 0 to 1; R⁵ is methyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-n-ethyl and amino-n-propyl; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, n-butyl, 3-hydroxy-n-propyl, 3-methoxy-n-propyl, methylamino-n-propyl, dimethylamino-n-propyl, N-methyl-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-amino-n-ethyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-benzyl and —CH(CH₃)— phenyl;

is selected from the group consisting 1-naphthyl, 1-acenaphthenyl, R-1-acenaphthenyl and S-1-acenaphthenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 8-(R) acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-amino-2-(S)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; 8-(R) acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; 8-(R)-Acenaphthen-1-yl-3-(3-dimethylamino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; 3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; 3-(3-Dimethylamino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-propylamino)-propyl]-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-[2-(R)-hydroxy-3-(3-methylamino-propylamino)-propyl]-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one; 3-[3-(3-Dimethylamino-propylamino)-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl]-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 35. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is a compound of the formula (I)

wherein R⁰ is selected from the group consisting of

each R^(A) and R^(B) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; each R^(C) and R^(D) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; each R^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl; X is —NR¹R²; each R¹ and R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₈alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl, partially unsaturated carbocylyl, aryl, arC₁₋₄alkyl, arC₁₋₄alkoxy, —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)-aryl and —C(O)-arC₁₋₄alkyl; wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl, cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl or arC₁₋₈alkyl group, whether alone or part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, —C(O)—C₁₋₁₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₄alkoxycarbonyl, N(R^(E))₂, N(R^(E))₂—C₁₋₄alkyl, N(R^(E))—C(O)C(CH₃)₃, aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted heteroarylaminosulfonyl or C₁₋₁₆alkylthio; R³ is aryl; wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂; n is an integer from 0 to 2; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₁₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; m is an integer from 0 to 1; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₁₆alkyl or C₁₋₁₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl and acenaphthyl; p is an integer from 0 to 5; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²; q is 0; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷; L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—, —C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₁₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₁₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the compound is the sulphate salt of 3-(3-Amino-2-(R)-hydroxy-propyl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-(8-methyl-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one.
 37. A compound of the formula (E)

wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂; each R^(E) is independently selected from hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl; n is an integer from 0 to 2; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, t-butoxycarbonyl and

m is an integer from 0 to 1; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; p is an integer from 0 to 5; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²; q is an integer from 0 to 1; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷; L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—, —C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 38. A compound of the formula (E)

wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the aryl, arC₁₋₆alkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano or N(R^(E))₂; each R^(E) is independently selected from hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl; n is an integer from 0 to 2; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkyl and hydroxy substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, t-butoxycarbonyl and

m is an integer from 0 to 1; L¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl and C₃₋₆alkenyl; wherein the double bond of the C₃₋₆alkenyl group is at least one carbon atom removed from the attachment point to the N atom; and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or C₃₋₆alkenyl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₆alkyl, fluorinated C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; p is an integer from 0 to 5; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, NR¹R², trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO—NR¹R², —SO₂—NR¹R² and —C(O)—NR¹R²; q is an integer from 0 to 1; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(L²)₀₋₁-R⁷; L² is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₆alkyl-, —C₂₋₄alkenyl-, —C₂₋₆alkynyl-, —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—, —C₁₋₆alkyl-S—, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl-, —O—C₂₋₆alkyl-O—, —S—C₂₋₆alkyl-S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —SO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-, —NH—SO₂—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-SO₂—, —C(O)—O— and —O—C(O)—; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the aryl, partially unsaturated carbocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, nitro, cyano, N(R^(E))₂, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, —SO₂—N(R^(E))₂ and —C(O)—N(R^(E))₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 